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DH36 钢在模拟海洋环境 干湿交替过程中的腐蚀行为 刘建国1,李言涛2,侯保荣2 1. 中国石油大学储运与建筑工程学院,山东 青岛266580; 2. 中国科学院海洋研究所,山东 青岛266071 [ 摘要] 海洋环境中钢铁设备会受到严重腐蚀, 浪花飞溅区的干湿交替状况下最为严重, 对钢铁在该环境下 腐蚀机理的研究很有必要。以模拟全浸区钢样作对比, 利用扫描电镜和 X 射线衍射仪对 DH36 海洋用钢试样 的腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物成分进行了分析, 探讨了其在干湿交替过程中的腐蚀规律及其机理。结果表明 干湿交 替 DH36 钢试样阴极过程的溶解氧还原的极限扩散控制特征基本消失, 而受腐蚀产物还原为主的电荷传递控 制; 干湿交替钢样生成的腐蚀产物较多, 锈层自身氧化剂的作用使得阴极电流变大, 导致模拟干湿交替试样的 腐蚀速率远大于全浸区试样的。 [ 关键词] 腐蚀行为; DH36 钢; 干湿交替; 全浸区; 海洋环境 [ 中图分类号] TG172. 5[ 文献标识码] A[ 文章编号]1001 -1560 2012 09 -0029 -03 [ 收稿日期] 2012 -04 -17 [ 基金项目] 国家科技支撑计划 2007BAB27B01 ; 中央 高 校 基 本 科 研 业 务 费 专 项 资 金 11CX04047A 资助 [ 通信作者]刘建国, 博士, 讲师, 从事海洋腐蚀机理与 防护研究、 储运设施腐蚀与防护研究, E-mail jgliu83163. com 0前言 海洋环境复杂而苛刻, 暴露于其中的钢铁设备会 受到严重腐蚀 [1 ~3 ]。钢结构在浪花飞溅区[4, 5 ]处于干 湿交替状态, 加上高含盐量、 海水的冲刷、 供氧充分、 日照充足等因素综合导致了其腐蚀最为严重, 而干湿 交替则是造成严重腐蚀最重要的外界因素。埕岛海 域飞溅区腐蚀以点蚀为主, 腐蚀速度是全浸区的 3 倍 [6 ]。考察 27 种金属材料在青岛海域浪花飞溅区 8 a 的腐蚀行为和特征发现, 在海洋飞溅区碳钢、 低合 金钢腐蚀最为严重 [7 ]。采油平台、 管线等如果发生腐 蚀破坏事故, 不仅会造成严重的经济损失, 而且对生 态环境造成无可挽回的长期破坏。外海挂片腐蚀试 验和调查结果表明 [8 ~10 ], 在浪花飞溅区部位, 钢的腐 蚀十分严重, 碳钢合金钢在这一区域的腐蚀速率为全 浸区的 2 ~5 倍。为了确保海洋石油平台的长期安全 生产, 有必要对海洋平台用钢 DH36 钢在干湿交替过 程中的腐蚀机理进行研究。本工作以全浸区试样作 对比, 通过带锈层试样的极化试验及锈层的形貌和成 分分析, 探讨了 DH36 钢在模拟海洋环境干湿交替过 程中的腐蚀行为。 1试验 1. 1试样制备及腐蚀环境模拟 1 试样制备基材为 DH36 钢, 尺寸为 10 mm 10 mm, 其化学成分见表 1。 表 1 DH36 钢的化学成分 元素CSiMnPS w/0.1500. 3301.4000.0150.005 元素CrNiCuAlFe w/0.0600. 0700.1500.035余量 将试材一端焊接导线后用环氧树脂封固, 工作面 积为 0. 785 4 cm2; 水砂纸逐级打磨至镜面光亮; 蒸馏 水冲洗, 无水乙醇、 丙酮清洗, 干燥, 此为裸钢试样。 将裸钢试样浸泡于青岛海水/埕岛海水中, 持续浸泡 10 d, 此为模拟全浸区钢样。将祼钢试样周围用蜡封 固, 滴 1 滴试验介质 青岛海水/埕岛海水 , 在空气中 自然干燥; 12 h 后, 再滴 1 次, 反复操作 10 d , 以此 模拟干湿交替过程, 即为模拟干湿交替钢样。 2 腐蚀环境模拟青岛海水和埕岛海水的水质 参数采用 YSI 6600 多参数水质监测仪测定, 见表 2。 29DH 3 6 钢 在 模 拟 海 洋 环 境 干 湿 交 替 过 程 中 的 腐 蚀 行 为 表 2 2 种海水的水质参数 海水 η/ mS cm -1 盐度/ ρ 含氧 / mg L -1 pH 值 E 氧化 还原 / mV C Ca2 / mmol L -1 C Mg2 / mmol L -1 青岛 49.993.2797. 468.33 -32.82879 埕岛 49.113.2177. 308.35 -30.4958 1. 2分析检测 1 极化性能试验采用三电极体系 工作电极 为制备好的祼钢、 全浸和干湿交替试样, 辅助电极为 Pt 电极, 参比电极为饱和甘汞电极, 试验介质为青岛 和埕岛海水; 极化曲线的测量采用 PAR 2273 恒电位 仪和 PowerSuite 测试软件组成的测试系统, 强极化曲 线扫描范围为 -400 ~400 mV 相对于开路电位 , 扫 描速度为 1. 0 mV/s; 弱极化曲线扫描范围为 -100 ~ 100 mV 相对于开路电位 , 扫描速度为 0. 5 mV/s, 温 度为室温。 2 锈层形貌及成分利用 XL -30 扫描电镜 SEM 观察试样锈层的形貌; 使用 D/max2500PC 型 X 射线衍射仪 XRD 分析其成分, 阳极为 Cu 靶, 功率 为 6 kW,扫 描 范 围 为 5 ~ 70,扫 描 速 度 为 5 /min, 步长为 0. 02。 2结果与讨论 2. 1极化性能 图1, 图2 分别为3 种试样在青岛海水、 埕岛海水 中的强、 弱极化曲线。 图 1 3 种 DH36 钢的强极化曲线 图 2 3 种 DH36 钢的弱极化曲线 由图 1 可以看出 DH36 钢在青岛海水中阴极过 程出现平台区, 表现出溶解氧的极限扩散特征, 阳极 极化下铁表面发生由电荷转移控制的电化学溶解, 2 种海水中的电化学阻滞都很小, 阳极电流迅速增大; 在埕岛海水中阴极极化时也表现出溶解氧的极限扩 散特征, 但没有青岛海水中明显, 一方面是由于埕岛 处于黄河入海口、 其海水含沙量大, 另外则是由于受 到河水的稀释、 钙镁离子含量降低所致。全浸区试样 和干湿交替试样阴极过程的溶解氧还原的极限扩散 控制特征基本消失, 而受腐蚀产物还原为主的电荷传 递控制; 阳极极化行为表现出一定的钝化特征。 表 3 为弱极化曲线 图 2 拟合后得到腐蚀电流 密度。由表 3 可以看出, DH36 钢在 2 种海水中的腐 蚀速率相差不大, 全浸区试样的腐蚀速率大于裸钢试 样的, 干湿交替试样的腐蚀速率远大于全浸区的, 这 可能是由于干湿交替下 DH36 钢生成的腐蚀产物较 多, 锈层自身氧化剂的作用使阴极电流变大; 全浸区 钢样的腐蚀速率大于刚刚浸泡于海水中的裸钢试样, 是由于全浸区钢样浸泡时间较短 10 d , DH36 钢表 面并未形成保护性锈层所致; 2 种介质中, 全浸区钢 样腐蚀速率基本一致, 干湿交替时的腐蚀速率青岛海 水中的略大于埕岛海水中的; 钢铁在 2 种海水介质中 的干湿交替腐蚀速率是全浸区的 2 ~ 4 倍, 这与外海 挂片试验数据是一致的。 表 3 3 种钢的腐蚀电流密度 海水 青岛 裸钢全浸干湿交替 埕岛 裸钢全浸干湿交替 Jcorr/ μA cm -212.60 22. 70 84.2510. 28 24. 5764.64 2. 2锈层形貌及组构 图 3 为 DH36 钢在 2 种海水中腐蚀产物的 SEM 形貌。从图 3 可以看出 全浸区的腐蚀产物呈小片状 结晶堆积的簇状结构, 疏松、 有大量的孔洞; 干湿交替 图 3 DH36 钢在 2 种海水中腐蚀产物的 SEM 形貌 30DH 3 6 钢 在 模 拟 海 洋 环 境 干 湿 交 替 过 程 中 的 腐 蚀 行 为 时的腐蚀产物覆盖了绝大部分钢铁基体, 但结构不致 密, 呈碎裂的层状或小片状, DH36 钢上锈层裂纹、 孔 洞普遍存在; 在埕岛海水中 DH36 钢上还有结块现 象, 这可能是镁保护层, 但其结构依然不致密, 有大量 的孔洞。 图 4 为 DH36 钢在 2 种海水中腐蚀产物的 XRD 谱。从图 4 可以看出 全浸区的 DH36 钢腐蚀产物以 γ-FeOOH 为主, 含有少量 α -FeOOH, Fe3O4, FeOCl 等; 干湿交替的腐蚀产物以 Fe3O4和 γ-FeOOH 为主, 含有少量 α-FeOOH, β-FeOOH, FeOCl 等。这可以很 好地解释干湿交替的 DH36 钢腐蚀速率是全浸区钢 样腐蚀速率的 2 ~ 4 倍的原因 全浸区的腐蚀产物以 疏松多孔的 γ-FeOOH 为主, 干湿交替的腐蚀产物以 层状或小片状的 Fe3O4和 γ-FeOOH 为主; 在湿润的情 况下, 金属为阳极区, 锈层为阴极区, 锈层缝隙里的电 解质溶液构成连接阴阳极的离子通道, 阳极反应为钢 铁基体的腐蚀, 且 Cl - 通过锈层孔洞的电解质溶液到 达基体, 破坏钢铁表面的防护膜, 加速基体的腐蚀; 全 浸区的极化类似于裸钢的极化, 基本不存在腐蚀产物 的氧化还原, Fe3O4含量很少, 干湿交替的腐蚀产物较 多, 锈层自身氧化剂的作用使得阴极电流变大; 腐蚀 产物的氧化还原就是 Fe3O4和 γ-FeOOH 的氧化还原 反应, 在潮湿阶段, Fe3O4氧化为 γ-FeOOH, 在干燥阶 段, γ-FeOOH 转化为 Fe3O4, Fe3O4作为良导体, 构成 电子通路, 加速了腐蚀的发生。 图 4 DH36 钢在 2 种海水中腐蚀产物的 XRD 谱 FeOCl, β-FeOOH 等腐蚀产物在全浸区和干湿交 替时都已出现, 这些是不稳定的中间产物, 均是在含 氧和 Cl - 环境中典型的中间产物。 3结论 1 全浸区试样和干湿交替试样阴极过程的溶解 氧还原的极限扩散控制特征基本消失, 而受腐蚀产物 还原为主的电荷传递控制。阳极极化行为表现出一 定的钝化特征。 2 全浸区 DH36 钢的腐蚀产物以疏松多孔的 γ-FeOOH为主, 干湿交替钢样腐蚀产物则以层状或小 片状的 Fe3O4和 γ-FeOOH 为主。干湿交替试样生成 的腐蚀产物较多, 锈层自身氧化剂的作用使得阴极电 流变大, 导致干湿交替试样的腐蚀速率远大于全浸区 试样。 [ 参考文献 ] [1] Rivero S,Chico B,De la Fuente D,et al. Atmospheric corrosion of low carbon steel in a polar marine environ- ment. Study of the effect of wind regime[J] . Revista De Metalurgia, 2007, 43 5 370 ~383. [2] 黄桂桥. 合金元素对钢在海水飞溅区腐蚀的影响[J] . 腐蚀与防护, 2001, 22 12 511 ~516. [3] 孟庆茹, 王旭东, 张连飞, 等. 用灰色关联分析法研究喷 淋在复合盐雾试验中的作用[J] . 材料保护,2010,43 10 23 ~25. [4] Meng H,Hu X,Neville A. A systematic erosion-corrosion study of two stainless steels in marine conditions via experi- mental design[ J] . Wear, 2007, 263 1 ~6 355 ~362. [5] Anwar Hossain K M, Easa S M, Lachemi M. uation of the effect of marine salts on urban built infrastructure[ J] . Building and Environment, 2009, 44 4 713 ~722. [6] 欧莉, 梁彩凤. 埕岛海上油田钢结构的腐蚀与防护 [ J] . 材料保护, 2001, 34 2 27 ~28. [7] 黄桂桥, 郁春娟. 金属材料在海洋飞溅区的腐蚀[ J] . 材 料保护, 1999, 32 2 31 ~33. [8] 朱相荣, 黄桂桥. 钢在海洋飞溅带腐蚀行为探讨[ J] . 腐 蚀科学与防护技术, 1995, 7 3 246 ~248. [9] 朱相荣, 王相润, 黄桂桥. 钢在海洋飞溅带的腐蚀与防 护[ J] . 海洋科学, 1995 3 23 ~26. [ 10] 李言涛, 侯保荣. 胜利油田浅海石油开发区钢铁腐蚀 规律[ J] . 海洋科学集刊, 2006 47 101 ~108. [ 编校 魏兆军 檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪 檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪 檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪 檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪檪 殏 殏 殏 殏 ] Rick Reagan 就任乐思化学总裁 美国康涅逖格州西汉文 - 伦敦确信集团下 属的确信高性能材料 CPM, Cookson Perance Materiais 于 2012 年 8 月宣布任命 Rick Reagan 为乐思化学有限公司总裁。Reagan 先生将领导 乐思化学高性能专业化学品全球机构在 40 多个 国家运作, 包括战略部署于全球各地的 10 个生 产基地及 9 个技术中心。 31DH 3 6 钢 在 模 拟 海 洋 环 境 干 湿 交 替 过 程 中 的 腐 蚀 行 为 Journal of Materials Protection Education for Low Dimensional Materials and Application Tech- nology,Xiangtan University,Xiangtan 411105,China . Cailiao Baohu 2012, 45 09 , 17 ~20 Ch . Ni-Co/Ni/Ni-Co multilayer coatings were prepared by combining direct current electrodeposi- tion with pulse electrodeposition. The microstructure of the coat- ings was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope. The cor- rosion resistance of as -deposited Ni -Co/Ni/Ni -Co multilayer coatings in the mixed solution of 0. 1 mol/L H2SO4and 1. 0 NaCl and 10 NaOH solution was uated with Tafel curve ex- trapolation ,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and linear anode polarization . Results show that as-deposited Ni-Co/Ni/Ni -Co multilayer coatings are compact and uni, and they show the most positive corrosion potential and the high- est charge-transfer resistance 1 642 Ωcm2in the mixed so- lution of H2SO4and NaCl. Besides,as-deposited Ni-Co/Ni/Ni- Co multilayer coatings have a passivation range of 524 mV in al- kaline solution,showing good passivation efficacy. Key wordsmultilayer coating;Ni-Co/Ni/Ni-Co;direct current electrodeposition;pulse electrodeposition;Ni-Co alloy;corrosion resistance Effect of Sodium Metaaluminate Additive on Properties of Micro -Arc Oxidation Ceramic Film on ZAlSi12Cu2Mg1 Aluminum Alloy WANG Ping,GUO Xiao-Yang,WANG Bin,YANG Jie a. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploita- tion,b. College of Material Science and Engineering,Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu 610500,China . Cailiao Baohu 2012, 45 09 , 21 ~ 24 Ch . Various concentrations of NaAlO2 additive were introduced into Na2SiO3electrolyte to conduct micro-arc oxidation of ZAlSi12Cu2Mg1 alloy.The elemental composition,surface morphology, and phase ingredient of as-pre- pared micro-arc oxidation ceramic films were analyzed by means of energy dispersive spectrometry,scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the thickness, hardness and po- larization curve of as-prepared ceramic films were measured. Fur- ther,the effect of the content of NaAlO2additive on the properties of micro-arc oxidation films was examined. Results show that the sparking voltage and terminal oxidation voltage decline with rising content of NaAlO2additive,and the diameter of the pores as well as the content of Al and O elements of the micro -arc oxidation films also decline therewith. Besides,the thickness of the micro- arc oxidation films rises with increasing content of NaAlO2,while the hardness and corrosion resistance of the films rise at first and then decline. However,increasing NaAlO2content has almost no effect on the phase ingredient of the micro -arc oxidation films; and the micro -arc oxidation film prepared from the electrolyte containing 1 g/L NaAlO2possesses the best comprehensive prop- erties. Key wordsmicro -arc oxidation;ZAlSi12Cu2Mg1 Al alloy; NaAlO2additive;Na2SiO3;ceramic film;properties Influence of Heat Treatment on Phase Composition and Wear Resistance of Electroplated Chromium -Carbon -Cop- per Coatings NI Li-wei1,LIANG Ai-min2,DU Zhen-ting1 1. College of Sci- ence,Northwest University of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,Yangling 712100,China; 2. State Key Labora- tory of Solid Lubrication,Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science,Lanzhou 730000,China . Cailiao Baohu 2012, 45 09 , 25 ~ 28 Ch . Cu -doped Cr -C coatings denoted as Cr-C-Cuwere prepared by electroplating. Result- ant electroplated Cr-C-Cu coatings were heat treated at different temperatures. The morphology and phase composition of as-plated and heat-treated Cr -C -Cu coatings were analyzed by means of scanning electronmicroscopyandX - raydiffraction.An MH-5-VM microhardness gauge was pered to measure the microhardness of as-plated and heat-treated Cr-C-Cu coatings, and an SRV -IV fretting test rig was pered to uate the wear resistance of the coatings. Further,the effect of heat treat- ment on the properties of the electroplated Cr-C-Cu coatings was examined. Results indicate that introducing Cu2 in the plating bath is favorable for improving the smoothness and evenness of Cr-C-Cu coating. As-plated Cr-C-Cu coating and the one heat- treated at 200 ℃ consist of amorphous phase. Cr-C-Cu coating heat-treated at 400 ℃ consists of Cr-Cu solid solution alloy with face-centered cubic lattice of Cu, and the one heat-treated at 600 ℃ consists of Cr-Cu solid solution alloy with body-centered cubic lattice of Cr. Besides,Cu atoms metal bond in the coating, and as-plated Cr-C-Cu coating has the best wear resistance. Mo- reover,the wear resistance of the Cr-C-Cu coating initially tends to rise but later decline with rising heat -treatment temperature, and the Cr-C-Cu coating heat-treated at 400 ℃ shows the worst wear resistance. However,as-plated Cr-C-Cu alloy coating and those heat-treated at different temperatures show better wear re- sistance than corresponding Cr-C alloy coatings. Key wordselectroplating of Cr Ⅲ ;Cr -C -Cu alloy coating; heat treatment;phase composition;wear resistance Corrosion Behavior of DH36 Steel under Simulated Marine Environment with Alternating Wetting-Drying LIU Jian -guo1,LI Yan -tao2,HOU Bao -rong2 1. College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering,China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580,China;2.Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao 266071,China . Cailiao Baohu 2012, 45 09 , 29 ~ 31 Ch . Facilities made of iron and steel are liable to severe corrosion in marine environment,and their corrosion under alternating wetting- drying condition of splash zone is particularly severe. Thus the corroded surface morphology and corrosion product composition of DH36 steel used for offshore plat in simulated marine environment were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy and X -ray diffraction while the steel samples in continuous immersion zone were adopted as the references. The corrosion behavior and mechanism of the steel under alternating wetting -drying condition were examined. Re- sults indicate that under simulated marine environment with alter- nating wetting-drying,DH36 steel is dominated by charge trans- fer of the reduction of corrosion products rather than limiting dif- fusion of dissolved oxygen in cathodic process. Besides,more corrosion products are generated when the steel samples are under alternating wetting-drying condition,and the rust-layer acts as an oxidant to cause increase of cathode current. As a result, the cor- rosion rate of the steel samples under simulated alternating wetting- drying condition is much larger than that of the counter- parts in continuous immersion zone. Key wordscorrosion behavior;DH36 steel;alternating wetting- drying; continuous immersion zone;simulated marine environment Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum-Silicon Alloys with Differ- ent Content of Silicon in Flue Gas Condensate LIU Gui-chang1,LU Qiang1,WANG Li-da1,WANG Sui-lin2 1. School of Chemical Engineering,Dalian University of Tech- nology,Dalian 116024,China;2. Department of Urban Con- struction,Beijing Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044,China . Cailiao Baohu 2012, 45 09 , 32 ~ 34 Ch . Overall immersion corrosion tests were conducted to exam- ine the corrosion behavior of Al-Si alloys with different content of Si in flue gas condensate. The polarization curves and electro- chemical impedance spectra of the alloy samples in the corrosive medium were measured. The morphology and elemental composi- tion of corroded alloy surfaces were analyzed by means of scan- ning electron microscopy,energy dispersive spectrometry,and metallurgical microscopy. Results show that Al-Si alloy samples are dominated by pitting in the flue gas condensate at 60 ℃,and they are liable to local intergranular corrosion when their Si con- tent is low mass fraction below eutectic point of 12. 5 . As to Al-Si alloy samples with high Si content above eutectic point of 12. 5 ,the local corrosion is accelerated owing to the precipi- tation of a large amount of block-like primary Si crystal,though the content of eutectics gradually declines. Moreover,a large amount of fibrous eutectics α Siis ed in the Al-Si alloy containing 13. 0 Si,and the fibrous eutectics possess excellent corrosion resistance and are evenly distributed in Al matrix. This makes it feasible for Al-Si alloy with 13. 0 Si to be used as a
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