基于人机工程学的排土机驾驶室设计与研究.pdf

学校代码10112密级 学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进 行研究所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含其他 个人或集体已发表或撰写过的科研成果。对本文的研究做出贡献的个人和 集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律责任由本人承担。 论文作者签名签字日期 2020 年 6 月 12 日 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者和指导教师完全了解太原理工大学有关保留、使用学 位论文的规定学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交学位论文的复 印件和电子版；允许本学位论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以将本学位论文的 全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复 制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 本学位论文属于保密 □在年解密后适用本授权书 不保密 论文作者签名导师签名 签字日期2020 年 6 月 12 日签字日期2020 年 6 月 12 日 硕士工程类专业学位 学位论文答辩信息表 论文题目基于人机工程学的排土机驾驶室设计与研究 课题来源*企事业单位委托项目 论文类型 在[ ]内打 “√” []产品研发[]工程设计[√]应用研究 []工程/项目管理[]调研报告[]基础研究 论文答辩日期2020 年 6 月 6 日答辩秘书彭婧 学位论文答辩委员会成员 姓名职称博导/硕导工作单位 答辩委员 会主席 吴凤林教授硕导太原理工大学 答辩委员 1张琳副教授硕导太原理工大学 答辩委员 2李娟莉副教授硕导太原理工大学 *课题来源可填国家重点研发计划项目、国家自然科学基金项目、国家社 科基金项目、教育部人文社科项目、国家其他部委项目、省科技厅项目、 省教育厅项目、企事业单位委托项目、其他 摘要 I 摘要 排土机作为移动式连续工作的排料设备，主要用于露天矿山排土场或 其他散料运输、排放作业生产线末端及大型土方、砂石、岩石挖掘工程。 随着科技的不断进步，排土机和各类工程机械一样，其性能越来越高，设 计者开始将目光转向人-机-环境这样的整体系统之上，以人为本的人机工 程学设计逐步走入人们的视野。对于排土机这种大型野外长时间作业的重 型机械而言，驾驶员所肩负的责任之重大是一般工程机械所无法比拟的。 驾驶室作为排土机的重要组成部分，其人机设计的合理与否，驾驶员操作 时舒适与否都将直接影响排土机的安全性和工作效率。不合理的设计不仅 影响开采进度、降低开采质量，同时也会导致驾驶员身体出现状况，严重 者还会产生各种安全隐患。 本文以太重集团生产的大型矿用排土机为研究对象，对其驾驶室进行 人机工程学设计研究。首先通过实地与驾驶员调研，了解排土机驾驶室存 在的问题，然后与设计人员进行交流，探讨驾驶室设计的不足，在此基础 上，以人机工程学的基本设计原理为指导，对驾驶室的人机操作系统及造 型进行了改进设计，并提出了改进方案，其主要研究工作如下 （1）在国内外对排土机驾驶室研究文献、资料极少的情况下，借鉴其 他大型工程机械在驾驶室研究方面取得的经验，结合排土机驾驶室的现状， 确定研究方向为驾驶座椅及操作台的设计和驾驶室外观色彩设计。 （2）通过对人体基本数据和影响排土机驾驶室人机工程学设计因素的 分析和研究，确定设计的主要框架和基础模型。明确 H 点在排土机驾驶室 设计中的重要地位，在原有的 H 点求解方法的基础之上，利用二维样板模 型及各角度之间的关系，重新计算 H 点坐标并得到相应的 H 点取值区域及 眼椭圆的位置。 （3）利用 CATIA 软件建立符合中国人体特征的模型，并通过相应的 人体舒适性仿真模拟，及模糊综合评价方式从客观和主观两个方面对 H 点 取值范围进行评估，两种方式均显示 H 点取值区域符合人机工程学及人体 对于舒适性的要求，因而可以论证 H 点求解方法的正确性和可行性。 （4）在人机工程学相关数据分析的基础之上，对操纵杆、操作面板及 显示装置进行了符合人体特征的改进设计，获得了驾驶座椅及相关操纵装 置的三维设计模型。 （5）根据企业 CI 特点，对排土机驾驶室整体外观造型及色彩进行设 太原理工大学硕士学位论文 II 计，同时考虑驾驶员的正常生活需要，对驾驶室内部布局及辅助设备进行 了设计，并建立完整的驾驶室三维设计方案。 综上，本文立足于人机工程学基本理论，以新的 H 点求解方法为基础， 对驾驶室的座椅及操作装置进行改进设计，并在相关的基础理论之上对驾 驶室内部进行布局设计，对整体驾驶室进行造型色彩设计，以保证排土机 驾驶室设计的完整性。本文的设计也为企业提升排土机品牌形象提供一定 的参考价值。 关键词关键词排土机驾驶室；人机工程学；仿真模拟；造型设计 ABSTRACT III ABSTRACT As a mobile continuous working discharge device, the bulldozer is mainly used in the open-pit mine dump or the end of other bulk material transportation and discharge operation production lines. It is widely used in various large-scale mineminingandlarge-scaleearthwork,sandstone,rockexcavation projects.Withthecontinuousprogressofscienceandtechnology,the perance of bulldozers is higher and higher as various types of construction machinery. Designers have begun to turn their attention to the overall system suchasman-machine-environment.Intopeoplesvision.Fortheheavy machinery such as the bulldozer, which operates in the large field for a long time, theresponsibilityofthedriverisunmatchedbygeneralengineering machinery.As an important part of the bulldozer, the cabs ergonomic design is reasonable, whether the driver is comfortable or not will directly affect the safety and working efficiency of the bulldozer.Unreasonable design not only affects the mining progress and reduces the mining quality, but also causes the drivers physical condition, and serious cases will also cause various safety hazards. This article takes the large-scale mining spreader produced by Taizhong Group as the research object, and conducts ergonomic design research on its cab.First, through field research with the driver, understand the problems of the bulldozer cab, and then communicate with the designer to discuss the shortcomings of the cab design. On this basis, based on the basic design principles of ergonomics as a guide, The man-machine operating system and shape of the cab have been improved, and an improvement plan has been proposed. The main research work is as follows 1 In the case of few research literature and materials on the cab of the bulldozer at home and abroad, referring to the experience of other large construction machinery in the cab research, combined with the current situation of the cab of the bulldozer, the research direction is determined to be the design of the drivers seat and console and the appearance and color design of the cab. 2 By analyzing and researching the basic data of the human body and the factors affecting the ergonomic design of the bulldozer cab, the main frame and 太原理工大学硕士学位论文 IV basic model of the design are determined. The important position of the H-point inthedesignofthecabofthebulldozerwasclarified,Usingthe two-dimensional model and the relationship between the angles, the H-point coordinates are calculated again and the corresponding H-point value area and the position of the eye ellipse are obtained. 3 Use CATIA software to build a model that cons to the characteristics of Chinese human body, and uate the range of H-point values from both objective and subjective aspects through corresponding human comfort simulations and fuzzy comprehensive uation s,Both s show that the range of H-point values cons to the requirements of ergonomics and human comfort, so the correctness and feasibility of the H-point solution can be demonstrated. 4 Based on the analysis of ergonomic data, the design of the joystick, operation panel and display device is improved in accordance with human characteristics,andthepreviousresearchisintegratedtoestablisha three-dimensional model of the driving seat and related control devices. 5 According to the characteristics of the enterprise CI, the overall appearance shape and color of the bulldozer cab are designed, and the normal life needs of the driver are taken into consideration. Design. In summary, this article is based on the basic theory of ergonomics, based on the new H-point solution , to improve the design of the seat and operating device of the cab, and to layout the interior of the cab based on the relevant basic theories. Design, color modeling of the overall cab to ensure the integrity of the design of the cab of the bulldozer. The design of this article also provides a certain reference value for enterprises to improve the brand image of the bulldozer. Key WordsBulldozer cab; Ergonomics; Simulation; Modeling Design 目录 V 目录 摘要.......................................................................................................................................III ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................III 第一章绪论.............................................................................................................................1 1.1引言................................................................................................................................1 1.2课题背景........................................................................................................................1 1.3国内外排土机的人机学设计及研究现状....................................................................3 1.3.1国外排土机研究现状.............................................................................................3 1.3.2国内排土机研究现状.............................................................................................4 1.3.3工程机械驾驶室人机工程学研究现状.................................................................4 1.3.4工程机械的色彩造型设计研究现状.....................................................................5 1.3.5排土机驾驶室存在的问题.....................................................................................7 1.4研究的目的和意义........................................................................................................8 1.5课题研究的主要内容....................................................................................................8 1.6本章小结........................................................................................................................9 第二章人机工程学的理论与研究.......................................................................................11 2.1人机工程学基础理论..................................................................................................11 2.2人机工程学的研究内容..............................................................................................11 2.3人机工程学的研究方法..............................................................................................12 2.4人体测量与数据应用..................................................................................................12 2.4.1人体静态尺寸测量数据.......................................................................................13 2.4.2人体动态尺寸测量数据.......................................................................................13 2.4.3人体测量数据的百分位选择与应用...................................................................14 2.5人体尺寸的差异性......................................................................................................15 2.6人体运动机能和特征..................................................................................................16 2.6.1人体关节的活动范围...........................................................................................16 2.6.2肢体的伸及能力范围...........................................................................................17 2.6.3肢体的出力范围...................................................................................................18 2.7排土机工作环境的人机安全分析..............................................................................18 2.7.1温度环境...............................................................................................................19 太原理工大学硕士学位论文 VI 2.7.2噪声环境...............................................................................................................20 2.7.3振动环境...............................................................................................................21 2.8本章小结......................................................................................................................25 第三章排土机驾驶室的人机分析与设计...........................................................................27 3.1排土机驾驶室设计基准..............................................................................................27 3.1.1H 点的基础定义...................................................................................................27 3.1.2排土机驾驶室中 H 点的存在意义......................................................................28 3.2排土机驾驶室 H 点的确定方法.................................................................................28 3.2.1二维样板模型法...................................................................................................28 3.2.2SAE 适意线法......................................................................................................29 3.3H 点域求解..................................................................................................................31 3.4驾驶室的视野设计研究..............................................................................................33 3.4.1眼椭圆的定义.......................................................................................................33 3.4.2眼椭圆的理论解释...............................................................................................33 3.5.3眼椭圆的尺寸定位...............................................................................................35 3.5本章小结......................................................................................................................36 第四章 排土机驾驶室的仿真模拟.........................................................................................37 4.1引言..............................................................................................................................37 4.2人体尺寸选取..............................................................................................................37 4.3人体模型的建立..........................................................................................................39 4.4驾驶室硬点布置..........................................................................................................41 4.5驾驶室的舒适性评价..................................................................................................43 4.5.1人机工程学舒适性评价.......................................................................................44 4.5.2模糊综合舒适性评价...........................................................................................45 4.6本章小结......................................................................................................................47 第五章排土机驾驶室座椅及操作台设计...........................................................................49 5.1驾驶室的座椅设计......................................................................................................49 5.1.1人体脊柱特征.......................................................................................................49 5.1.2坐姿体压分布.......................................................................................................50 5.1.3座椅的材质...........................................................................................................51 5.1.4座椅的尺寸...........................................................................................................52 5.2驾驶室操作杆设计......................................................................................................53 目录 VII 5.2.1人体手部结构.......................................................................................................53 5.2.2操纵杆设计...........................................................................................................54 5.3驾驶室操作台设计......................................................................................................55 5.3.1手动操作台设计...................................................................................................56 5.3.2显示操作装置设计...............................................................................................59 5.4座椅及操作台设计图..................................................................................................61 5.5本章小结......................................................................................................................62 第六章排土机驾驶室整体设计...........................................................................................63 6.1实地调研分析..............................................................................................................63 6.2色彩设计......................................................................................................................64 6.2.1色彩设计基本原则...............................................................................................65 6.2.2驾驶室的色彩设计...............................................................................................66 6.3造型设计......................................................................................................................68 6.3.1造型设计原则.......................................................................................................68 6.3.2驾驶室的造型设计...............................................................................................69 6.4驾驶室内部设计..........................................................................................................69 6.4.1设备布置....................................................