成都市推进水环境综合治理的实践与思考.pdf

成都市推进水环境综合治理的实践与思考 刘继平 1,2 1. 西南财经大学, 四川 成都 610015; 2. 成都市水务局, 四川 成都 610015 摘要 介绍成都市多年来开展水环境治理的具体实践, 分析成都市开展水环境综合治理的主要特点和存在的主要问 题, 提出深入开展水环境综合治理的对策及建议 。 关键词 水环境综合治理 实践 对策建议 0 引言 成都市位于长江上游 ,境内河流纵横,水网密布, 有大小河流 150 余条 , 总长约1 500 km , 水域面积 832. 3 km 2 。可利用水资源总量为 277 亿m 3 。20 世纪 80 年代以来 , 随着城市经济的快速发展和人口的增 加,水污染日趋严重 ,水质恶化,河道淤塞,水环境问题 十分突出。为改善城市水环境 ,减轻成都市对下游地 区的水污染 ,十几年来 ,成都市坚持开展水环境治理 , 19931997年,投资 27 亿元实施了府南河综合治理工 程; 20012004 年, 投资 32. 48 亿元实施了沙河综合治 理工程; 20032005 年, 投资 60 亿元实施了中心城区 水环境综合治理工程,取得了较为显著的成效。 1 推进水环境综合治理的具体实践 1. 1 开展水环境综合治理的主要思路 为了推进水环境综合治理 , 成都市的主要思路 是 统筹规划,结合城市发展推进水环境综合治理 ; 创 新机制,多渠道筹措水环境综合治理资金; 依法管理, 建立科学的水环境监管体系; 加强宣传 , 营造水环境 综合治理的良好社会氛围; 明确责任, 保障水环境综 合治理的顺利实施。 1. 2 水环境综合治理的主要载体工程 1. 2. 1 府 、 南河综合治理工程 府河、 南河属长江上游岷江水系 ,是流经市区的 2 条主要河流。1993 年成都市政府顺应公众意愿, 启动 了府 、 南河综合治理工程 ,整个治理工程于 1997 年完 成,共投入资金 27亿元。治理内容包括防洪、 治污、 安 居、 绿化、 文化和道路管网等 6大子工程。将沿河10万 低洼棚户居民安置到新建的 24 个住宅小区,人均居住 面积由治理前的4m 2提高12 m2 , 居住环境得到根本改 善。疏淘河道16 km ,新建和加固河堤25 km, 防洪标准 达到200年一遇。沿河新建道路41 km, 水电气和通讯 等地下管线同步敷设,埋设污水干管26 km ,新建25 hm 2 绿地,形成15 km滨河绿色环带。 1. 2. 2 沙河综合治理工程 沙河是南宋时期开凿的 1 条人工河, 流经金牛、 成华 、 锦江 3 个城区 ,在市区东南流归府河 。2001 年 11 月 , 市政府启动了沙河综合治理工程, 对沙河 22 km河道和两侧50～ 200 m的保护带进行治理 ,2004 年完成 ,共投入资金 32. 48 亿元。治理内容包括污染 治理、防洪及河堤治理、绿化及园林景观、道路桥梁、 企业搬迁 、 环卫设施、文化、光彩 、管线迁改等 9 大子 工程。沿河敷设污水干管23 km , 河道清淤 38 万 m 3 , 搬迁企业 345 家, 新建重建桥梁 16 座 、水闸 9 座, 建 成生态式河堤39 km ,防洪标准达到 200 年一遇 ,新建 绿地345 hm 2 , 打造了三洞古桥等八大景点。在治理 河流的同时 ,实施旧城改造 ,带动沿河310 7 m 2土地 大幅度升值 。 1. 2. 3 中心城区水环境综合治理工程 成都市中心城区水环境综合治理工程是 2003 年 2 月正式启动的 。主要目标是按照城市排水规划, 完 善污水收集 、 输送和处理 3 大系统。历时 3 年, 共投 入资金60 亿元 。治理的总体思路是“雨污分流 、 分片 处理” 。在污水收集方面, 对中心城区 378 条中小街 道和12 000余户合流排水单元户进行雨污分流改造, 同步实施水 、 电 、 气、通讯等专业管线的铺设及道路拓 宽、 路面治理、 景观绿化, 并以此为切入点 ,完善了居 民小区道路 、 绿化、停车场、健身场地, 改善了居住环 境。在污水输送和处理方面, 结合地形地貌和城市发 展总体规划 ,将中心城区划分为 5 个排水片区 ,分片 建设相应的污水干管和污水处理厂 ,避免长距离、大 流量的污水输送 ,同时有利于污水的再生利用。2003 年以来, 成都市新建成 4 座污水处理厂, 日处理能力 82 环 境 工 程 2008年 6 月第26 卷第3 期 由过去的 40万 m 3 提高到目前的94 万 m 3 。 1. 2. 4 全流域水环境综合治理 为了从根本上改善城市水环境,成都市进一步在 全市范围内开展了全流域水环境综合治理。 1 点面 结合,治理各类污染源 。2005年以来,先后出动 52 个 检查组,检查了1 320家工业企业,加大了工业污染治理 力度,减少废水排放量 400 万吨、COD 排放量1 500多 吨,氨氮排放量 400 多吨。 2 城郊结合, 完善环境基 础设施。成都市所辖的新都、 青白江、 双流、 都江堰、 邛 崃等郊区 市 县相继建成了10 座污水处理厂,设计污 水处理能力 31 万m 3 d,并建成 16个垃圾处理场 ,环境 基础设施得到较大完善。 3 管建结合,加大流域治理 力度 。对全市 42 条重点河道进行治理, 清淘河道淤 泥,清运河岸垃圾, 拆除直排式厕所和违章建筑, 实施 河岸绿化。在全市范围内开展小流域综合治理, 目前 正在实施凤凰河二沟人工湿地治污工程、金牛支渠治 理工程、 崇州羊马河生态湿地示范区建设。 经过多年的治理 ,成都市的城市水环境状况有了 很大的改观。 从成都府河出境断面 2006年和2007 年112 月 的氨氮指标对比, 由图 1 可以看出 ,成都市水环境综 合治理已经取得了初步成效, 得到了社会的认同。 图 1 成都出境府河水质氨氮指标变化情况 2 推进水环境治理 2. 1 推进水环境治理的主要特点 成都市在推进水环境综合治理的过程中 ,有以下 几个主要特点 1 发动群众 ,动员全社会参与水环境综合整治 。 2 统筹规划,结合城市发展推进水环境综合整治。 3 依法管理 ,建立科学的水环境监管体系 。 4 明确责任 ,保障水环境综合治理的顺利实施 。 2. 2 水环境综合治理存在的问题 经过多年艰苦的水环境治理工作, 虽然成都市的 水环境已有较大改善, 但仍然存在一些突出问题, 主 要体现在以下几个方面 1 随着城市化进程加快 ,沿河的中小城镇人口 剧增, 而相应的污水处理设施建设还不到位 ,生活污 水排放的量大、面广 、 污染物浓度高 ,直接排入河道导 致水体污染 。 2 仍有一些养殖业主将畜禽养殖废水未经任何 处理直接排入河道, 加重了河道污染 。 3 全市农田灌溉大多采用传统的漫灌方式, 农 村化肥 、 农药使用量呈上升趋势 , 对各郊区 市 县水 环境整治带来较大压力。 4 部分企业人为闲置污染治理设施 ,偷排超标 工业废水的现象还不同程度存在。 5 生态环境用水严重不足 ,河道自净能力不强, 不利于城市水环境的根本改善 。 3 深入推进水环境治理的对策建议 城市水环境综合治理是一项长期而艰巨的工程。 总结已有的经验 ,针对存在的主要问题 , 为深入推进 水环境综合治理 ,提出以下对策建议 1 继续加强对水环境综合整治工作的领导, 健 全水环境综合整治工作机制; 学习和借鉴国内外其它 城市治水的先进做法 ,总结运用市场化手段治理水环 境的经验, 拓宽水环境基础设施建设的融资渠道; 继 续加强舆论宣传 ,营造良好的社会氛围 , 动员广大群 众关心、 支持和监督水环境综合治理工作 。 2 坚持集中和分散处理相结合的原则 ,加快水 环境基础设施的建设步伐。在中心城区和郊区 市 县城区继续大力推进污水集中处理设施建设 ,同时结 合小城镇建设, 积极推进小型、分散的污水处理设施 建设 。 3 全面推进农村面源污染防治 。积极推进集约 化、 规模化养殖场建设 , 实现对畜禽养殖业污染的集 中治理 ; 加强对环保知识和生态农业知识的宣传普 及,指导农民在生产活动中采取科学的灌溉方式, 合 理施用化肥 、 农药和有机肥料, 防止和减少农村面源 污染 。 4 按照“3R”原则 , 扶持清洁生产 , 减少废水排 放,实现经济增长不增污 ; 加大对各类违法排污源的 查处力度, 严厉打击各种违法排污行为。 5 提高城市污水处理的排放标准 , 提高中水的 回用比例, 增强河道自净能力 。 作者通信处 刘继平 610015 四川省成都市西华门街19 号 13 楼 成都市水务局 E -mail ljp123 mail. sc. cninfo . net 2008- 01-05 收稿 83 环 境 工 程 2008年 6 月第26 卷第3 期 XingpingZhonglongTieluqiao, and the most serious factors contributed to pollution are pointed out. According to which this paper can provide references for water pollution control and water environment protection. Keywords grey cluster relation analysis water environmental quality assessment Weihe River in Xianyang CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUDGE AND DISCUSSION ON TREATMENT S Liu Hong Cui Suping Tian Wei et al 63 Abstract Municipal sludge and several electroplating sludges were selected,whose components, composition, thermal characteristic and the distribution of different heavy metals Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg, Co, Ni and Aswere studied. The results of experiment show that the components of municipal sludge are closed to clay s, so the clay may be replacedwith municipal sewage sludge. They have highmass loss at lower temperature and the tend of weight loss is moderate at higher temperature; Zn,Ni and Cr are easy to remain in the bottom ash; Cu, As and Hg are difficult to enrichment, they are easy to volatilize. Treatment suggestion is given according to the characteristic of sludge at last. Keywords municipal sludge electroplating sludge thermal analysis heavy metal THE ENGINEERING USE OF COPPER PICKLING WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND COPPER RECOVERYZhao Jiqiang Gu Xiaoming Lin Xihua 67 Abstract A metal surface treatment limited company is taken as an example, it introduced that the treatment of production wastewater and water reuse zero emission technology for the copper acid surface treatment industry . It is proved by many years of operation and practice that the technology is advanced and feasible can achieve wastewater zero emission; and the grade of the recycling copper isvery high. It has great social, economic and environmental benefits. So it is a very practicalwastewater treatment and water reuse technology. Keywords copper pickling zero emissions copper recovery RESEARCH ON TREATMENT OF CORN STARCH WASTE WATER BY AEROBIC BIOLOGICAL PROCESSLi Zhanchen YuKai Li Xinyan 69 Abstract It is introduced that the present situation of study on treatment of starch waste water in our country and abroad, and the experimental research is done on the waste water of one firm in Xiongxian County of Baoding . After increaseing flocculant for recycling protein, this waste water enters into biochemical treatment, which then undergoes activated carbon adsorption. The total removal rate of COD is more than 95 and the water quality meets the local discharge standard. Keywords starchwaste water biotreatment of waste water activated carbon adsorption STUDY ON FACTORS AFFECTING BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF OILY SEWAGE FROM OIL FIELDSJiang Haiyang Chen Jinfu 71 Abstract Integrative reactor filledwith bio -membrane cultured and enriched spontaneously was employed to dispose oily wastewater from oil field.The main influencing factors are investigated in experiments, such as temperature, HRT, mineralization, COD volumetric load and packing material. Experiment results show that the microorganisms cultured and enriched using this can endure high temperature and high mineralization. The ideal effluent can be achieved under the temperature 45～ 65℃, HRT 10 h, COD volumetric load 0. 38～ 0. 49 kg m3d, oil concentration 22. 1～ 78. 3 mg L and mineralization 15 000 mg L, respectively.Study shows the average concentration of COD and oil in disposed wastewater is reduced to 67. 9 mg L and 3. 6 mg L respectively , which could meet the first-order of Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard GB8978-1996. Keywords oily -wastewater bio -membrane hydrolysis-acidification biological aerated filter BAF AN EXAMPLE OF TREATING HIGH -CONCENTRATION METHANOL WASTEWATER WITH HYDROLYTIC ACIDIFICATION -TWO PHASE ANAEROBIC PROCESS Ma Wencheng Han Hongjun QuJiang et al 75 Abstract Hydrolytic acidification-two phase anaerobic processwas taken to treat the high -concentration methanolwastewater. Tests showed that this process presented well perance in the treatment of high-strength methanol wastewater.When the inflow COD of this process was between 7 000～ 11 000 mg L, its effluent COD was lower than 600 mg L. In addition, this process presented advantages such as quick start -up and well ability of resisting shock loading. Keywords high-concentration methanol wastewater hydrolytic acidification two-phase anaerobic process COMPARISON STUDY ON NITROGEN REMOVAL EFFECT OF TWO BIOFILM REACTORS WITH DIFFERENT PADDINGSShi Lejun Cao Wenping Zhang Yongming 78 Abstract Two biofilm reactors No. 1 and No . 2with different paddingswere used to investigate the capacity of removing organic pollutant and nitrogen of the reactors and analyse the effect factors. The results show that COD and ammonium average removal rate of No . 2 reactor is 29. 88 and 19. 68 higher than No. 1 reactor on the same conditions, whose cause is that ceramisites have more surface area than ceramic honeycomb, while nitrogen removal rate of No. 2 reactor is 7. 11 lower than No. 1 reactor. Moreover, the concentration of nitrite and nitric and biological phase are further researched of two bioreactors and found out greater difference Keywords ceramic honeycomb ceramisites removal nitrogen nitrite and nitric biological phase hydraulic property PRACTICESANDCONSIDERATIONSOFCHENGDUIMPLEMENTINGTHEWATER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Vol. 26, No. 3, June ,2008 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENTLiu Jiping 82 Abstract This article introduced the specific practices that Chengdu City has carried out in its long -term water environment control works and analyzed the general features and existing major problems in this field.It further gives the suggestions on deepening the water environment comprehensive treatment task. Keywords water environment comprehensive treatment practice countermeasure ANALYSIS OF RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN THE USE OF SLUDGE FOR AGRICULTURE Cao Xiuqin Tan Jingjing 84 Abstract The valuable ingredients of sludge, such as organics, nitrogen and phosphorus etc inAustria was quantitatively analyzed, and the economical benefit and ecological safety in the use of sludge in agriculture were also discussed. Considering the actuality of sludge treatment and disposal in China, the correlative issues were discussed along with the above analysis, in order to use for reference to achieve the sustainable development and utilization of sludge in our country. Keywords use of sludge in agriculture resource utilization economic benefit ecological safety INDUSTRIAL EXPERIMENTS ON BIOTREATMENT OF THE OILY SLUDGE IN SHENGLI OILFIELDSun Zhenggui 88 Abstract Biodegradation technology of petroleum was used to treat the oily sludge in Binyi Oil-Containing Sewage Disposal Station, Shengli oilfield. Two different treatments, i. e. adding extraneous microorganisms and biostimulating the degradation activity of indigenous organisms, were made to treat the oil sludge in a 2 400 m2prepared bed.The initial content of oil in sludge is 126 g kg. The content of total petroleum hydrocarbon, the amount of different kinds of microorganisms and the physical and chemical properties of oily sludge were measured in the 230 d treatment course. The results indicates that adding extraneous oil -degradation microorganisms or biostimulating is an effective to decrease the oil content of sludge, improve the physical and chemical properties and reduce the biotoxicity of oily sludge. Keywords oily sludge biotreatment extraneousmicroorganisms indigenous organisms RESEARCH ON PREPARATION OF LOW -CLINKER CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL VIA HEAT TREATMENT OF RED MUD AND FLY ASHDong Lumin Ni Wen Zheng Yongchao et al 92 Abstract According to the composition of red mud and fly ash, a low-clinker cementitious material has been made in our experiment via heat treatment of their mixture. The strength influencing factors and the hydration capability of the low-clinker cementitious material have been studied. The results are as follows The choice of mixture ratio is 47. 5 of red mud, 47. 5 of fly ash, 5of gypsum, which then is calcined at 700℃for 5 hours. The high -strength cementitious material can be made by adding 70 of the calcined material, 30 of cement clinker, 0. 5 of water reducing agent. The flexural and strengths compressive of 28 d are 7. 8MPa. and 45. 2 MPa respectively. Keywords redmud fly ash heat treatment strength THE DESIGN AND EXPERIMENT ON A NEW TYPE NATURAL VENTILATION WINDOW WITH HIGH SOUND INSULATIONYu Wuzhou Wang Zuomin 96 Abstract A new type natural ventilation window with high sound insulation using double -layer transparent micro -perforated panels is put forward to abate the effect of traffic noise. The design and theoretical calculation of the window are introduced in detail as well as experiment results in laboratory and in-situ.It is shown that the new type window has high sound insulation with sound insulation index of 28 dB and noise reduction of 31 dB in situ, as well aswith satisfactory ventilation to meet indoor air quality requirement. Keywords micro -perforated panel natural ventilation sound insulationwindow A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON NOISE CONTROL FOR NORTH FACTORY AREA OF TANGSHAN STEEL COMPANYWang Xiaopeng Wang Yupeng Li Shende et al 100 Abstract It was investigated that all the sound sourcesin a factory area. Itwas also selected the sound sourceswhichwouldprobably affect borderline of the yardfactory area on the basisof primary calculation. The acousticalmodelswere made by simplifying these noisy instruments. The radiation of sound of these instruments for the sensitive points on borderline of the factory area was calculated by programme.Estimated the correcteness and integrity of the calculationwere judgedby contrasting the calculationwith actualmeasurement. After they were affirmed, made the noise control scheme was made and calculationswere also done to see if the goalwould be reached. Keywords noise control sound source sensitive points of noise on borderline of factory Manager China Iron and Steel Association SponsorCentral Research Institute of Building and Construction of MCC Group PublisherIndustrial Construction Magazine Agency EditorThe Editorial Department of Environmental Engineering 33,Xitucheng Road,Haidian District, Beijing 100088, China Telephone 01082227638 82227678 Chief EditorBai Yun Vice Chief EditorShen Guiqiu Domestic All Local Posts DistributorChina International Book Trading Corporation P . O . Box 399, Beijing China China Standard Serial Numbering ISSN1000-8942 CN 11-2097 X E -mailhjgcpublic . yj. cn. net hjgctg 163. com http www. hjgc . com. cn http www. hjgc . net . cn 6 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Vol. 26, No. 3, June ,2008