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,以太网-基础访问.ToIEEE802.3和IEEE802.3,ISO/OSI通信模式,每一种通信处理分隔为逻辑部件，通过一定的接口连接起来,网络部件,基础说明,双绞线对,100BaseTX-100Mb/s5类线UTPorSTP非屏蔽/屏蔽双绞线对最大段长度为100mRJ-45插头星形拓朴结构,,,,,,半双工模式数据传输在同一时间只能在一个方向进行举例，步话机,1,半双工和全双工,PC,Transmit,Receive,PC,TX,RX,RX-,Transmit,Receive,TX,TX-,RX,RX-,TX-,1,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0,1,0,1,0,,,,,,,半双工和全双工,全双工模式数据传输同时在两个方向进行举例，电话,,,,,,,Transmit,Receive,Transmit,Receive,集线器/交换机,PC,,,TX,RX,,RX-,,TX,TX-,RX,RX-,Transmit,Receive,PC,TX,TX-,RX,RX-,RX,RX-,TX,TX-,TX-,0,1,0,,,1,,,1,0,0,1,避免碰撞,,CSMA/CD相对于FullDuplex,CarrierSenseMultipleAccesswithCollisionDetectionCSMA/CD载波侦听、多路访问/碰撞检测Standard-Ethernet-CommunicationCollisionspossible,,,,CarrierSenseMultipleAccess/CollisionDetection,,,,,,,,,,,,CSMA/CD相对于FullDuplex,FullDuplex发送和接收同时进行Switches协调数据传输,,,,,Switch,Switch,Switch,,,,,Standard-PROFINET-Communicationnocollisionspossible,某些规定,自动-交错-转换,交错-转换-电缆,,1,2,3,6,Transmit,Receive,,1,2,3,6,,,Transmit,Receive,,,,,Switch,Switch,,Auto-Cross-Over,,11-电缆,,1,2,3,6,Transmit,Receive,,1,2,3,6,Transmit,Receive,,,,,SwitchwithinaFielddevice,Switch,,,,,,,PROFINET-建议在交换机之间和交换机与器件之间使用11电缆。,,自动-转换,,Huborswitch,,,,,,,,,,现有的10Mb/s网络,,,,新的100Mb/s网络,带自动转换的交换机,,,Cutthrough,StoreandForward快捷方法，储存和发送,,TheCut-Throughforwardstheframewithoutcheckingit.快捷方法，向前发送的桢不进行数据效验。,StoreandForwardfirstchecksthereceiveddatabeforeforwardingthem.接收到的桢先储存,在继续发送之前进行数据效验。,,,,,,集线器与交换机的比较,一个交换机指定数据接收的方向在站之间只有指定的通信路由被使用降低网络负载不会造成数据碰撞,共享LAN局域网,集线器传送数据到所有的站每一次数据交换对整个网络高网络负载有可能造成数据碰撞,集线器,,,交换机,交换机LAN局域网,在一个网络段内寻址网络成员,使用MAC-地址,计算机需要一个地址用来发送和接收数据包或数据桢,寻址,每一个网络适配器有一个唯一的物理地址，这一地址由制造商确定是一个6字节地址，即88-A0-26-E8-84-01,,MAC,,Ethernet-地址,OUI,TheEthernet-AddressOrganizationallyUniqueIdentifierOUI,MAC-Address,PhysicalAddressisa6Byte-AddressinHex-ate.g.00-0E-CF-12-34-56ThePNOmaysupplyuserswiththemanufacturerspecificpart00-0E-CF16777214devicespossible.,,xxxxxx,,,,AdeeperlookintotheEthernetFrame以太网报文桢分析,aEthernetIIDIXFrame,bIEEE802.3Frame,VLAN-TagVLANIDaccIEEE802.1Q,,,,,,,,,,Preamble,SFD,DestinationAddress,SourceAddress,LengthorType,Dataunit,CRCCheck,,56bits,,,8,,,,,,48bits,48bits,16bits,46-1500bytes,32bits,,,,,,,,Preamble,SFD,DestinationAddress,SourceAddress,Length,Dataunit,CRCCheck,,56bits,,,8,,,,,,48bits,48bits,16bits,46-1500bytes,32bits,Switches交换机,Associateseachportwithphysicaladdressesconnectedthroughit每一个端口与连接它的物理地址相关Sendsframeouttheportassociatedwiththephysicaladdress发送桢与其物理地址相关的端口输出Improvestheperanceofthenetwork改善网络性能Twomostcommontypes两种通信类型Cut-through10..3spassingthroughtime快捷方式Storeandforward11.储存再发送方式,TheFunctionofSwitches交换机功能,,,,,A,B,C,D,,,,,Addressingofnetworkparticipantsindifferentnetworks对不同网络之间网络成员的寻址,usingIP-Addresses使用IP地址,IP-RoutingIP路由,Frames,,,,,,InternetProtocolIP,EachNetworkAdapteralsohasanIPaddress（每一个网络适配器还有一个IP地址）Consistsofa32-bitbinaryaddress（IP地址是32位二进制地址）Hardware-independentsystemallowsacomputertodeliverdataonamorecomplexroutednetwork（IP地址与硬件无关，只是网络路由中一个计算机向更多其它计算机传递数据时需要）PhysicalAddressvs.IPAddress（物理地址与IP地址比较）Thereare2566or2.81x1014differentMACaddresses（MAC物理地址由6字节16进制格式表示）Thereare2564orover4billion（40亿）differentIPaddresses（IP地址由4字节10进制格式表示）CorrespondencetablerelatesyourIPaddresstoyourMACaddress（IP地址对MAC地址有相应的列表关系）,IPAddress,32-bitbinaryaddressforexample211.154.184.16Dividedintofour8-bitsegmentscalledoctets.分成4个8位段Expressedinadotteddecimalat.以小数点格式表示Segmentsarewholenumbersbetween0and255.每一段的表示范围从0到255PartoftheIPaddressisusedforNetworkID.IP地址的一部分用作网络表识andpartoftheaddressisforHostID.IP地址的一部分用作上位机的ID表识Mostaddressfallinto3separateclasses.大多数IP地址分属以下三种类型ClassA,ClassB,ClassC,,,,Encapsulationoftheprotocols协议包装,TheapplicationdataareembeddedinthedataareaofaTCP/IPpacket应用数据嵌入TCP/IP数据包的数据区内EveryTCP/IPpacketispartofthedataareaofanEthernetpacket每个TCP/IP数据包是以太网数据区的一部分,EthernetheaderEthernetaddresses,Ethernetdataarea以太网数据区,EthernettrailerFCS,Applicationdata应用数据,,IPheaderIPaddresses,TCPheaderportnumbers,TCPdataareaTCP数据区,IPdataareaIP数据区,TwoPartsofIPAddressesIP地址分为两部分,NetIDNetworkAddress网络标识网络地址AllHostswithinanetworkhavethesameNetIDNetIDsareuniqueandareassignedbyanamingauthorityHostIDHostAddress主机标识主机地址EachHostwithinanetworkhasauniqueHostIDHostIDisassignedbytherespectiveadministrator,,NetIDandHostIDAllocation,TheSubnetMask子网屏蔽,0,,NetIDandHostIDAllocation,ExampleClassCnetworkIPaddress192.157.018.032,SpezielleIP-Adressklassen特殊IP地址类型,KlasseE–240.x.x.x–255.255.255.255,IPHeaderIP头报文,ARPandRARP,AddressResolutionProtocolARPIdentifiestheMACaddressassociatedwithanIPaddressUsesanARPtableorARPcacheReverseAddressResolutionProtocolRARPIdentifiestheIPaddressassociatedwithaMACaddressbootPROM/BOOTP,Addressinginthenetwork,TheEthernetaddressMACaddressWorldwideunambiguousphysicaldeviceaddress全世界明确的物理器件地址Vendorcodeandconsecutivenumber制造商号和连续号6-bytue6hexadecimalnumberse.g.C0-10-A4-00-17-AC,TheInternetaddressIPaddressNetworkunambiguousaddressNetworkcomponentnetworkIDandusercomponenthostID32-bitvalue4decimalnumberse.g.142.0.1.3,TheSubnetmaskMaskingoutofIPaddressinthenetworkIDandhostIDcomponents32-bitvalue,e.g.255.255.255.0,Router,DHCP/DNS动态主机组态协议/,HostConfigurationandNameResolution主机组态和名字分解,DHCPDynamicHostConfigurationProtocol,ForautomaticaladjustmentofTCP/IPconfigurationdata.ADHCP-ServerisabletoparameterizeaClientwithanIP-addressandsubnetmask,NameResolution,HostPCNr.AIP122.87.15.6,HostPCNr.BIP122.87.15.9,PCNr.CIP122.87.15.18,AssigninganametoanIP-address,SafeDataTransmissionusingTCP,Flowcontrol,,,,Encapsulationoftheprotocols,TheapplicationdataareembeddedinthedataareaofaTCP/IPpacketEveryTCP/IPpacketispartofthedataareaofanEthernetpacket,EthernetheaderEthernetaddresses,Ethernetdataarea,EthernettrailerFCS,Applicationdata,,IPheaderIPaddresses,TCPheaderportnumbers,TCPdataarea,IPdataarea,通信协议总结,,应用层Applicationlayer,,,TCP,传输层Transportlayer,,UDP,,,,,Connection-oriented,,FTP,SMTP,DCOM,,,IP,互联网层Internetlayer,,,,网络层Networklayer,,,,,Connection-free,,SNMP,TFTP,NFS,,,,ARP,,TheTCP/IPProtocolSuite,IPInternetProtocol互联网协议Protocolwhichcarriesoutconnection-freetransportationofdatagramsinthelocalsubnetwork,orwhichpassesthemontofurthersubnetworksTCPTransmissionControlProtocol传输控制协议Transportprotocolforconnection-oriented,secureandsequence-basedcommunicationbetweenstationsUDPUserDatagramProtocol用户数据包协议Transportprotocolforconnection-freecommunicationbetweenstationsIncontrasttoTCP,UDPisnotsecure.UDPdoesnotprovideanyguaranteeforcorrecttransmissionofdataARPAddressResolutionProtocol地址分解协议ProtocolwhichdeterminestheassociatedMACaddressedforeverylogicalInternetaddressdefined,,TheTCP/IPApplications,SMTP简化邮件发送协议SimpleMailTransferProtocolusedfore-mailHTTP超级文本传送协议HypertextTransferProtocolusedforWWWbrowserFTP文件传送协议FileTransferProtocolusedfortransportationoffilesbetweencomputersDCOM分布式部件目标模式DistributedComponentObjectModelpermitsthedistributionofCOMobjectsinanetworkSNMP简易网络管理协议SimpleNetworkManagementProtocolusedforcentralmanagementofnetworkcomponentsOthersDHCP,TFTP,TELNET,SOAP,Microsoft.NET,TransmissionControlProtocol,TCPisresponsibleforthesecuredatatransmissionestablishesaconnectionbetween2networkpartnersfollowstheclient/serverprincipleacknowledgesadataframebysendinganack-numberwithinthenextframesecuresthedatawithachecksumandasequencenumberaddressesanapplicationviaasocalledportnumbersourceportnumber,destinationportnumber,TCPDataat,,,TCP/IPFrame,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,SourcePort,DestinationPort,SequenceNumber,AcknowledgmentNumber,,,,,,,,DO,Reserved,ACK,URG,PSH,RST,SYN,FIN,Window,,Checksum,UrgentPointer,Options,Padding,Datalengthvaries,PhysicalLayer,DataLink,NetworkLayerIP,TransportLayerTCP,,,,BitNo.0326496128160160n*32,BitNo.03264,,,UDP–UserDatagramProtocol,Notreliable–connectionlessThedeliveryofdataisnotguaranteedAdvantage–lessprotocoloverhead,UDP/IPFrame,,,,,,,,,,,Preamble,SFD,DestinationAddress,SourceAddress,LengthorType,Data,FrameCheckSequence,,56bits,,,8,,,,,,48bits,48bits,16bits,46-1500bytes,32bits,,,,,,,PhysicalLayer,BitNo.0326496128160,DataLink,NetworkLayerIP,TransportLayerUDP,BitNo.03264,定义TCP-端口,服务TCP端口号FTP21Telnet23SMTP25DNS53HTTP80POP3email110,服务UDP端口号Echo7DNS53BOOTS67BOOTC68TFTP69SNMP161,,PROFINET的网络拓朴,网络拓朴,交换机,,,,,星形结构,,,,,,,,,,环形结构,,线形结构,,交换机,,,,,,,,,,树形结构,,,,,,,对PROFINET的要求,,100Ethernet还具有,传输速度100Mb/s-Ethernet,使用交换机的Ethernet,全双工传输,从Ethernet的观点,是....,
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