L-20110610-核燃料循环.ppt

铀的获取、转化、同位素分离（富集）、燃料制造、使用、乏燃料的贮存、后处理、废物处置循环方式一次通过式循环（Once-Through）部分闭合式循环（PartialRecycleofSNF）闭合式循环（ClosedFuelCycle）“TheFutureoftheNuclearFuelCycle”－AnInterdisciplinaryMITStudyhttp//web.mit.edu/mitei/research/studies/nuclear-fuel-cycle.shtml,核燃料循环－现在和未来,AlternativeFuelCycle,Uranium,Uraniumisabout500timesmoreabundantthangoldandaboutascommonastin.Itispresentinmostrocksandsoilsaswellasinmanyriversandinseawater.Economicallyfeasibledepositsoftheorerangefrom0.1to20U3O8.,DistributionofUraniumintheEarthDeffeyes’Model,WorldwideUraniumResources,UraniumResourcesIAEA,UraniumProductionDemandIAEA,UraniumProductionin2006,HistoricalUraniumMarketPricesIAEA,DiffusionCell,TheAdvancedGasCentrifuge,压水堆燃料组件,14,,,550oC,400oC,500oC,325oC,,,,,Primarysodium,,,,Electromagneticpump,,,Secondarysodiumloop,Reactorinpoolvessel,,Turbinegenerator,,,,condenser,,Rankinesteamcycle,Coolingwater,Intermediateheatexchanger,,,core,,Controlrods,,SodiumFastReactorSFR,VariationofwithEnergyfor233U，235U，239Puand241Pu,乏燃料水池,DryCaskStorage,LWRSpentFuelMake-up,ReprocessingIncreasesStorageCapacity,NumbersontopofthecolumnsrepresenttheratioofthequantityofreprocessedwastetothequantityofspentfuelthatcanbeplacedinadriftinYuccaMountain,20,,,,,,Productorganic,Freshextractantinsolvent,Raffinateaqueous,Aqueousfeed,Scrub,,,,Organicphase,,Aqueousphase,TheoryDidistributioncoefficientforspeciesi,,,Equilibriumstage,GenericSolventExtractionProcess,Bore-HoleRepository,Once-ThroughFuelCycle,20tof35enrichedFuelrequiredperGWe-yr→200tofnaturaluraniumperGWe-yr,PartialRecycleofLWRSpentFuel,ClosedFuelCycle,TheMITReport,TwoQuestionsintheContextofSignificantGrowthofNuclearPower,Whatarethelong-termdesirablefuelcycleoptionsWhataretheimplicationsfornear-termpolicychoicesintheU.S.,TheMITStudyConclusions,Forthenextseveraldecades,lightwaterreactorsusingtheonce-throughfuelcyclearethepreferredoptionfortheU.S.Planningforlongterminterimstorageofspentnuclearfuel–foraboutacentury–shouldbeanintegralpartoffuelcycledesign.,TheMITStudyConclusions,Forthelongerterm,therearemultipleviablefuelcycleoptionswithdifferenteconomic,wastemanagement,environmental,resourceutilization,safetyandsecurity,andnon-proliferationbenefitsandchallenges.Asignificantresearchagendaisneededtoexplore,developanddemonstratetheadvancedtechnologiestothepointofallowinginedfuturemarketplaceandpolicychoices.,TheMITStudyFindings,Thereisnoshortageofuraniumthatmightconstrainfuturecommitmentstobuildnewnuclearplantsuchofthiscenturyatleast.ThebenefitstoresourceextensionandtowastemanagementoflimitedrecyclinginLWRsusingmixedoxidefuelasisbeingdoneinsomecountriesareminimal.Scientificallysoundsexiststomanagespentnuclearfuel.,Deffeyes’ModelforDistributionofUraniumintheEarth,RelativeUraniumCostvsCumulativeGwe-yrofNuclearElectricity,总结,还没有足够的知识对未来最优的燃料循环作出选择；不需要现在就对未来的燃料循环作出选择；有充分的时间来进行作出最佳可持续燃料循环选择所需要的研究、开发、设计、验证；为未来保留燃料循环选项是非常重要的。,http//web.mit.edu/mitei/research/studies/nuclear-fuel-cycle.shtml,