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围棋weiqi,A413水利水电2班夏伟,在这里给大家先说一下，围棋的英语单词Foreveryonehere,gototheEnglishwords.围棋的英文Go（源自日文的发音）,weiqi,thegameofgo或thechessofgo（但weiqi用得比较普遍，是我国提倡的英文译法）。本人比较喜欢weiqi这个翻译,围棋thegameofgo,一、历史A,history▪起源Feelsorigin▪发展Feelsthedevelopment二、棋具Two,chess三、规则Three,rules▪基本下法Thebasicfeels▪胜负判别Theoutcomeofthediscriminantfeels▪竞赛规定Feelscompetitionregulations▪古代规则Feelstheancientrules四、常用术语Four,commonlyusedterms五、级位段位Five,levelofDan六、头衔Six,title七、赛事，棋手,问题一Problem中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“棋”特指象棋还是围棋Chinafourancientart“fanciesofmenofletters““chess“referstochessorgo棋指围棋。在古代，弹琴（多指古琴）、弈棋（多指围棋）、书法、绘画是文人骚客（包括一些名门闺秀）修身所必须掌握的技能，合称“琴棋书画”Chessreferstogo.Inancienttimes,thepianoespeciallytheGuqin,chessusuallygo,calligraphyandpaintingisbookmanincludingsomenoblefamilymustmastertheskillsofself-cultivation,collectivelyreferredtoas“literature“,历史History,起源Origin围棋是一种策略性两人棋类游戏，中国古时称“弈”，西方名称“go”。流行于东亚国家（中、日、韩等），属琴棋书画四艺之一。Goisastrategyboardgameoftwopeople,Chineseinancienttimescalled“Yi“,“Westernnamego“.PopularinEastAsiancountriesChina,JapanandKoreaetc.,isoneofthefourartsandliterature,围棋起源于中国，传为尧作，春秋战国时代即有记载。隋唐时经朝鲜传入日本，流传到欧美各国。有学者认为，围棋蕴含着汉民族文化的丰富内涵，是中国文化与文明的体现。WeiqioriginatedinChina,passedtoYao,springandautumnandtheWarringStateserarecords.SuiandTangdynastiesafterNorthKoreaintoJapan,spreadtoEuropeandtheUnitedstates.SomescholarsthinkthatchesscontainsrichconnotationofChineseculture,istheembodimentofChinesecultureandcivilization.,围棋使用方形格状棋盘及黑白二色圆形棋子进行对弈，棋盘上有纵横各19条直线将棋盘分成361个交叉点，棋子走在交叉点上，双方交替行棋，落子后不能移动，以围地多者为胜。中国古代围棋是黑白双方在对角星位处各摆放两子（对角星布局），由白棋先行。现代围棋由日本发展而来，取消了座子规则，黑先白后，使围棋的变化更加复杂多变。围棋也被认为是世界上最复杂的棋盘游戏之一。Gowithsquarelatticeboardandblackandwhitetwocolorroundchessmenchessboardforchess,withverticalandhorizontal19eachlinewillboardinto361intersections,pieces.Atthecrosspoint,alternatingsidesforchess,Lazicannotmove,togroundmoreforvictory.TheancientChinesechessisbothblackandwhiteinthehoroscopeateachplacedtwodiagonaldiagonallayout,firstbythewhitestar.ModernchessbytheJapanesedevelopment,cancelledthetransposonrules,blacktowhite,causestheweiqichangesmoreandmorecomplexandchangeful.Weiqiisalsoconsideredoneoftheworldsmostcomplexboardgame.,发展Development,春秋战国ThespringandAutumnperiodandtheWarringStatesPeriod围棋这时已在社会广泛流传了。左传襄公二十五年载“卫献公自夷仪使与宁喜言，宁喜许之。大叔文子闻之，曰‘呜呼今宁子视君不如弈棋，其何以免乎弈者举棋不定，不胜其耦，而况置君而弗定乎必不免矣’”这是历史上第一次可靠的涉及围棋的记载，时间是公元前548年。Gonowinthesocietyhasbeenwidelycirculated.“ZuoXianggongtwenty-fiveyears“set“WeiXianGongYitoselfandNingXiyan,NingXixu.Thesmelloftheuncle,saidah......ThisNingZiregardedJunasthefreechess,whyTheplayersnothesitateaboutwhatmovetomake,“theprinceofcoupling,andFudingWillnot“Thisisthefirsttimeinthehistoryofreliablerelatestochessrecords,timeis548bc.孔子论语阳货载子曰“饱食终日，无所用心，难矣哉。不有博弈者乎为之犹贤乎已。”KongZi“theAnalectsofConfuciusgoods“setthemastersaid“acareless,hardtobekazuya.NotagameofStillbevirtuoushas.“,秦汉三国DuringtheThreeKingdoms秦灭六国一统天下，有关围棋的活动也鲜有记载。Qinunifiedthesixcountries,aboutgoactivityalsolittlerecord.到东汉初年，社会上还是“博行于世而弈独绝”的状况。直至东汉中晚期，围棋活动才又渐盛行。TotheEasternHanDynasty,thesocietyorthe“bookintheworldandimplementunique“situation.UntiltheEasternHanDynastyinlate,gotoalsograduallypopularactivities.,南北朝ThenorthernandSouthernDynasties由于南北朝时期玄学的兴起，导致文人学士以尚清谈为荣，因而弈风更盛，下围棋被称为“手谈”。上层统治者也无不雅好弈棋，他们以棋设官，建立“棋品”制度，对有一定水平的“棋士”，授予与棋艺相当的“品格”（等级）。DuetotheriseofthenorthernandSouthernDynastiesperiodofmetaphysics,leadtoShangQingliteratitalkasthehonor,sothegameismuchmorevigorous,chessiscalled“hands“.TheupperrulersYagoodchess,theysetaofficerinthechess,theestablishmentof“or“system,tohaveacertainlevelof“champion“,grantandchessvery“character“rank.,隋唐宋元SuiandTangDynasties,thesongandYuanDynasties,由19道棋盘代替了过去的17道棋盘，从此19道棋盘成为主流。而随着隋帝国对外的政策，高句丽、新罗百济把围棋带到了朝鲜半岛，遣隋使把围棋带到了日本国。Bythe19boardtoreplacethe17boardthepast,from19theboardhasbecomethemainstreamof.WiththeSuiempiresforeignpolicy,Goguryeo,BaekjetogotoXinluowiththeKoreanPeninsula,Suimakegotojapan.唐宋时期，可以视为围棋游艺在历史上发生的第二次重大变化时期。TangandSongDynasties,canberegardedasthechessentertainmentinhistoryoccurredinsecondmajorperiodofchange.明清TheMingandQingDynasties明清两代，棋艺水平得到了迅速的提高。Duringthetwodynasties,chesslevelhasbeenrapidlyimproved.,对外传播Externalcommunication到19世纪中叶后，日本的围棋水平赶上中国，并在其后的一百年间，将中国远远抛在后面。BythemiddleofthenineteenthCentury,theJapanesegotocatchupwiththeChineselevel,andinthesubsequentonehundredyears,willChinesefarbehind.中国和越南的交往可以上溯到秦汉时期，西汉时曾置交趾郡，辖境包括今天越南的大部分地区。ExchangesbetweenChinaandVietnamcanbetracedbacktotheQinandHanDynasties,theWesternHanDynastyhadtheJiaozhi,territoryincludingthismostpartsofvietnam.围棋主要呈现中、韩、日三国鼎立的局面。日本围棋整体水平止步不前，中韩围棋水平不断提高，形成了中韩争霸的局面。Gothemainpresentation,SouthKoreaandJapanthesituationoftripartiteconfrontation.Japangothewholelevelofstalled,ChinaandKoreagoconstantlyraisetheleveloftheationofChinaandSouthKoreastrivesforhegemonysituation.,围棋主要呈现中、韩、日三国鼎立的局面。日本围棋整体水平止步不前，中韩围棋水平不断提高，形成了中韩争霸的局面。Gothemainpresentation,Han,daytheThreeKingdomssituation.Japangothewholelevelofstalled,ChinaandKoreagolevelenhancesunceasingly,hasedthesituationofChinaandSouthKoreastrivesforhegemony.2013年中国包揽围棋界所有世界冠军。不仅日本九段在中国新生代棋手面前，已经失去了往昔的那种竞争力，曾领一时风骚的韩国九段们，也已经很难跟得上中国新生代棋手势如破竹般的成长节奏。In2013Chinawonthecommunitygoalltheworldchampion.NotonlytheJapaneseintheninesegmentChinaCenozoicplayersbefore,havelostthatcompetitivenessisthepast,whotook100coquettishninesegments,hasbeendifficulttokeepupwiththeChinaCenozoicchessgesturessuchasbrokenbamboolikegrowthrhythm.,问题三Problemthree围棋共有多少颗棋子Gohowmanypieces361颗。棋子的数量以黑子181、白子180个为宜。361.Thenumberofpiecestosunspot181,white180isappropriate.,二、棋具Chess,棋子棋子分黑白两色。多为扁圆形（也有双面突起的应氏棋子）。棋子的数量以黑子181、白子180个为宜。Chesschesspiecesdividedintoblackandwhite.Foroblatealsohavedouble-sidedprotrudingshouldthepawn.Thenumberofpiecestosunspot181,white180isappropriate.棋盘盘面有纵横各十九条等距离、垂直交叉的平行线，共构成1919361个交叉点（以下简称为“点”）。盘面上标有九个小圆点，称为星位，中央的星位又称“天元”。Theboardhasparallellinestheaspectofallnineteendistance,theverticalcross,whichconsistof19*19361crosspointshereinafterreferredtoasthe“point“.Thediskismarkedwithninesmalldot,calledthestar,thecentralstarisalsocalled“Tianyuan“,棋钟正式的比赛中可以使用计时器对选手的时间进行限制。非正式的对局中一般不使用计时器Chessclocktheofficialgametimercanbeusedtolimitthetimefortheplayers.Generallydonotusethetimerinalgames,三、规则Rule,基本下法Thebasic1、对局双方各执一色棋子，黑先白后，交替下子，每次只能下一子。1,eachpartyholdsonecoloronthepawn,blacktowhite,alternatingmoment,eachonlyason.2、棋子下在棋盘上的交叉点上。2,apawnonthechessboardoftheintersectionon.3、棋子落子后，不得向其他位置移动。3,thechessmenLaziafternottomovetootherlocations.4、轮流下子是双方的权利，但允许任何一方放弃下子权。4,taketurnssuddenlyarebothright,butallowanypartytogiveupattheright.,三、规则Rule,胜负判别Theoutcomeofthediscriminant中国规则Chineserules1、贴3又3/4子的规则第一步，把死子捡掉。第二步，只数一方围得点数并记录下来（一般围得点以整十点为单位）。第三步，如果数的是黑棋，再减去3又3/4子，如果数的是白棋，再加上3又3/4子。第四步，结果和180又1/2（棋盘361个点的一半）比较，超过就算胜，否则判负。通俗来说为白棋177子为胜，黑棋185子为胜。1,posted33/4subrulethefirststep,thesonpickedup.Thesecondstep,justcountthepartyaroundpointsandrecordedgenerallyaroundapointtothewholetenpointsastheunit.Thethirdstep,ifthenumberisblack,minus33/4,ifthenumberiswhite,togetherwiththe33/4.Thefourthstep,theresultsand1801/2halfboard361pointsofcomparison,morethanwins,otherwisethenegative.Popularforwhitesonof177wins,185blacksonwins.2、让先与让子让先不贴目，让子要贴还让子数的一半（就当被让方是预先收了单官）。2,letthefirstandletthesonletnotthefirststickhead,letthechildshouldstickalsolethalfnumberswhenletpartyisreceivedinadvanceasingleofficer.,日韩规则SouthKorearules日本和韩国规则是一样的，采用数目法，黑棋终局要贴6目半。先数一方的目数并记录下来，再数另一方的目数并记录下来，然后黑棋减去6目半，最后和白棋比较，多者为胜。通俗来说为白棋178为胜黑棋185为胜。JapanandSouthKorea,therulesarethesame,thenumber,blackfinalshouldbeaffixedto6andahalf.Countsquaremeshandrecorded,thentheothersideofthemeshandrecorded,andthentheblackminus6andahalf,finallyandwhitecomparison,moreforvictory.Popularforwhite178wins185blackwins.,竞赛规定Competitionrules1.先后手的确定successivelyhanddetermination对局的先后手，由大会抽签编排或对局前猜先决定。Onthefirsthand,bytheorganizerorbeforethefirstguessdecidedonarrangement.2.贴子post为了抵消黑方先手的效率，现行全国性正式比赛在终局计算胜负时，黑方需贴出三又四分之三子。Inordertooffsettheefficiencyofblackontheoffensive,thecurrentnationalofficialGamesinthefinalcalculationoutcome,blacktopostthreeand3/4sub.3.计时timing计时是保证比赛顺利进行的重要手段之一。一切有条件的比赛应采用计时制度。Timingisoneoftheimportantmeanstoguaranteethesmoothprogressofthegame.Allconditionsofthegameshouldusethetimingsystem.,.终局规定Finalprovisions无单官或其他官子时，为终局。Nosingleofficerorotherofficer,asthefinal.对局中，有一方中途认输，为终局。另一方中盘胜。认输就是将两个自己的棋子放在右下角即可。Inthegame,onesidemidwaydefeat,asfinal.Theotherpartymiddlewins.Throwinthetoweljusttwotheirpiecesplacedinthelowerrightcornerto.凡比赛一方弃权或因各种原因被裁判员判负、判和的对局，也作终局处理。Everyracewaiverorforavarietyofreasonsweretherefereeawardedanegative,andsentencedgame,alsomadethefinalprocessing.双方确认的终局，确认的次序应是，先由轮走方，后是对方以异色棋子一枚放于己方棋盘右下角的线外。Bothsidesconfirmedthefinalconfirmationoftheorder,shouldbefirstround,if,aftereachotherinHarmoniapiecesisaputontheirboardthelowerrightcorneroftheline.,四、常用术语Commonlyusedterms,1、尖在己方原有棋子的斜上或斜下一路处行棋称为“尖”。Tip1,intheiroriginalpiecesobliqueorskewthenextroadforchesscalled“tip“.由于尖的步调较小，人们也习惯地称它为“小尖”。Duetosharppaceissmaller,peopleareaccustomedtocallit“thelittletip“.2、长“长”是指紧靠着自己在棋盘上已有棋子继续向前延伸行棋。“长”一般用于与对方接触交战的时候，便于将己方的子连成一片，更好地攻击对方。2,long“long“referstotheclosetotheirexistinginpiecesontheboardtoextendforwardsforchess.“Long“isgenerallyusedupcontactwitheachother,tofacilitatetheonesownsontogetherintoone,toattackeachotherbetter.,3、立“立”与“长”有着微妙的差别，“立”主要指向紧靠着自己原有的棋盘上的棋子方向向下或向边线方向的行棋。Li“Li“and“long“hasasubtledifference,“Li“themainpointclosetothepawnonthechessboardofthedirectionoftheiroriginaldownortotheedgedirectionforchess4、冲“冲”是指紧靠着自己在棋盘上原有的棋子向对方的Blunt“rushed“referstotheclosetotheiroriginalpiecesontheboardtoeachother“关”形中间的空交叉点处行棋，这就叫“冲”。“冲”经常是运用自己强的一面去阻击对方，将对方的棋分成两块，以利于寻找机会消灭对方。“EmptyintersectionbetweentherowsofGuan“shapedchess,hisiscalled“chong“.“Red“isoftenusetheirstrongsidetocheckeachother,willtheothersideofthegameisdividedintotwoparts,inordertoseekopportunitiestoannihilateeachother.,五、级位段位Five,levelofDan级位段位编辑棋手围棋水平的高低用段位和级位来区分，从低到高分别为业余级位，业余段位，职业段位。LevelofDanplayersgoeditlevelwithDanandleveltodistinguish,asfromlowtohighamateurlevel,amateurDanDan,occupation.业余级位设置Theamateurlevelset2005年7月1日生效的中国围棋业余段位级位制中第四条有业余段位下设级位，级位可分为1级、2级至25级，1级最高。但级位证书只印制1级、2级、5级、10级、15级、20级、25级等共七个等级。July1,2005entryintoforceofthe“ChinesechessamateurDangradesystem“infourthAmateurDanunderlevel,levelcanbedividedinto1levels,level2tolevel25,thehighestlevel1.Butlevelcertificateonlyprinted1grade,2grade,5grade,10grade,15grade,20grade,25gradeandatotalofsevengrades.,五、头衔Title,头衔，是某些比赛冠军的特定称呼。Title,isthespecificaddresscertainwinner.中国的头衔战现有天元、名人和新人王。以前还举办过棋王和棋圣。其他几项比赛，冠军没有特殊的荣誉称呼，也就是没有头衔。ChinaTitlebattleTianyuanexisting,celebritiesandrookie.Previouslyalsohostedthekingandgrandmaster.Severalothergames,thechampionshavenospecialhonor,thereisnotitle.韩国的头衔有天元、新人王、王中王、名人等。SouthKoreasTitleTianyuan,newking,kingofkings,celebrities,etc..日本有七大头衔棋圣、本因坊、名人、十段、小棋圣（碁圣）、王座、天元。JapanhassevenTitlesgrandmaster,Honinbo,celebrities,tensection,smallgrandmasterQiSheng,thethrone,Tianyuan.双语对照翻译不正确取消清空内容,问题二Problemtwo象棋和围棋，哪一个更称得上是我国的国棋Chessandgochess,whichoneismoreregardedasourcountrychess是围棋。Go.中国棋院院长、中国围棋协会主席陈祖德作序的围棋国棋，首次把围棋定位为国棋，揭示了“国运兴，棋运盛”的深刻哲理。Chinesechesscourtyarddean,theChineseChessAssociationPresidentChenZudea“go,Chinesechess“,thefirsttogopositioningforthecountryofchess,reveals“thecountryHing,profoundphilosophychessWan“.,围棋与象棋起源于中国，都有数千年的历史，是中国的传统文化，中国的国粹围棋是一个智力游戏，起源于中国，有超过三千年的历史。围棋蕴涵着古代哲学中一元生两仪、两仪生四象、四象生八卦、天圆地方、十九农节气、三百六十周天之数等等含义，其变化丰富，意韵深远，魅力无穷。ChessandchessoriginatedinChina,hasahistoryofthousandsofyears,isChinastraditionalculture,gothequintessenceofChinesecultureisamentalgame,originatedinChina,hasahistoryofoverthreethousandyears.GoaelementcontainstheancientphilosophyofLiangYi,LiangYiShengfourimages,fourimagesandgossip,hemisphericaldome,nineteenagriculturalthrottle,threehundredandsixtySundaythenumberofmeanings,changesinwealth,picturesqueprofound,infinitecharm..,象棋，亦作“象碁”，汉族棋类益智游戏，中国象棋在中国有着三千多年的历史，属于二人对抗性游戏的一种。由于用具简单，趣味性强，成为流行极为广泛的棋艺活动。是我国正式开展的78个体育项目之一Chess,alsois“likeAcer“,HanChinesechessgame,ChinachesshasahistoryofoverthreethousandyearsinChinese,belongingtoonekindofgametwoagainst.Becausetheequipmentissimple,stronginterest,becomepopularverywiderangeofchessactivities.Chinaisoneofthe78officialsports,今日，围棋已经走出国门,在亚洲的围棋人口有数百万人，在欧美国家也有不少人会下围棋。围棋的规则十分简单，却拥有十分广大的空间可以落子，使到围棋的变化多得数不清，比中国象棋复杂多了。这就是围棋的魅力。下一盘围棋比下一盘中国象棋一般花的时间比较多，快则十五分钟，慢则要几天，多数时候下一盘棋需要一到二个小时。Today,gohasbeenoutofthecountry,thepopulationinAsiagomillionsofpeopleinEuropeandtheUnitedStatestherearemanypeoplewillgounder.Therulesofgoisverysimple,butyoucanhavelargespacetoLazi,makechangestotheinnumerableweiqi,Chinesechessismuchmorecomplicatedthan.Thisisthechesscharm.MorethanagameofgotoagameofChinesechessgenerallyspendtime,thefastfifteenminutes,wouldslowthepastfewdays,mostofthetimeplayingagameofchessrequiresonetotwohours.多下围棋对人脑有帮助，可填强一个人的计算能力，记忆，创艺，思想能力，判断能力，精神更集中。许多人也认为下围棋会让小孩子的学业进步，能更好的分析所学到的东西。Manygotohelpthebrain,cancalculatetheabilitystrong,fillinonesmemory,creativeability,thought,judgmentability,mentalfocus.Manypeoplealsothinkthatgounderthewillletchildsacademicprogress,analysiscanbetterlearn.,和大家小小互动一下Andlittleinteraction象棋与围棋的区别是什么（打一脑筋急转弯Whatisthedifferencebetweenchessandgochessabrainteasers围棋越下越多，象棋越下越少,谢谢大家ThankyouA413水利水电2班夏伟,
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