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PetroleumScienceinEnglish,InstructorGuoQing,,Drillersturntheoryintohardeconomicreality.,ChapterFiveWellDrilling,Anexplorationwell（勘探井）,or“wildcat,（野猫井）”isonethatisdrilledprimarilyforthepurposeofdeterminingthatoilorgasactuallyexistsinasubsurfacerockation.Beforeawellisdrilled,itisatbestaneducatedguess（有一定根据的猜测）thatpetroleumexistsinaation（地层）.Itisonlyafterawellisdrilledintotheationthatthepresenceofoilorgascandefinitelybeconfirmed（确认）ordenied（否认）tobepresent.,ExploratoryandTestDrillingincludescoredrilling（取芯钻井）、welllogging（测井，录井）、testingforoilandtestingforgas（油气测试）,Buttheodds（可能性）arethatsixofeverysevennew,orwildcat,wellsdrilledwillbedry.Onlyoneofeveryeightwillresultinthediscoveryofanoilfieldcapableofproducinguptoonemillionbarrelsofoil,whichisaverysmallfield.Theoddsagainstfindingalargefield--onecapableofproducing50millionbarrelsofoilormore--are3,591to1.Inotherwords,onlyonewildcatwellin3,591willleadtothediscoveryofalargefield.,Cuttings（岩屑）andcores（岩心）ResultsfromExploratoryDrillingprovideimportantinationforexplorationists（勘探学家）.Whenawellisdrilled,smallrockchips（碎片）calledcuttingsarerecoveredfromthedrillingfluid.Thesearegroundupandbrokenoffbythedrillbitasitcutsintotheearth.Geologists,geophysicistsandpaleontologyscientists（古生物学家）,whostudypollen（花粉）andsmallfossil（化石）---examinethecuttingstolearnmoreabouttheage,chemistry,porosity,permeabilityandotherpropertiesofthesubsurfacerockations.,Large,morecontinuouscylindricalrocksample（大的连续的柱状样本）,calledcores,canalsobecutusingaspecialcoringbit（取芯钻头）.Althoughcoringaddstothecostofthewellcoresareexpensive,andthedeeperthewellisthemoreexpensivethecore.laboratoryanalysisandvisualexamination（直观研究）ofthecoreprovideadditionalimportantdetailsaboutthebasin’s（盆地的）history,thecompositionandphysicalcharacteristicsoftherockandanyfluidswithinit.Evenifawellfailstoencounteroilorgasincommercialquantities,itstillprovidesvaluableinationaboutundergroundrocksandstructures.Thismayallowexplorationiststogenerate（产生）newprospects（远景预测）ortomatchup（符合）certainseismicpatternswithcorrespondingrockations,whichcanleadtosuccesswiththenext---ortheoneafterthat.,Wellloggings（录井，测井）,Loggingreferstotheloweringofdifferenttypesofmeasuringinstrumentsintothewellbore（井筒）andgatheringandrecordingdataonPorosity（孔隙度）,Permeability（渗透性）andtypesoffluids（流体）presentnearthecurrentwell.Thisdataisthenusedtoconstructsubsurfacemaps（构造图）ofaregiontoaidinfurtherexploration.Therearetwocommonlyusedtypesofwelllogs.Onetypeisbasedonphysicallyexaminingtherocksfromthewellorbyplottingthedrillingcharacteristicsoftherocks.地质录井是配合钻井勘探油气的一种重要手段，是随着钻井过程利用多种资料和参数观察、检测、判断和分析地下岩石性质和含油气情况的方法。,Thesecondtype,awire-linewelllog,ismadeafterthewellhasbeendrilled.Aninstrumentthatsensesthepropertiesoftherockandtheirfluidsisloweredandraisedinthewellbyawire-line.地球物理测井简称测井，是在钻孔中使用测量电、声、热、放射性等物理性质的仪器，以辨别地下岩石和流体性质的方法，是勘探和开发油气田的重要手段。,Thesusedinthefirsttypeofwelllogs*adrilling-timelog（钻时录井）*Mudlogs（泥浆录井）*SampleorLithologicLog（岩屑录井）主要包括岩屑录井、岩心录井、钻时录井、荧光录井、钻井液录井及气测录井等。,ThesusedinthesecondtypeofwelllogsWellloggingisusedtoidentifyationandotherdownholepropertiesofthewellbore.*TheSonicLogging（声波测井）*TheGamma-RayLogging（伽马射线测井）*TheNeutronLogging（中子测井）*TheRadioactiveLogging（放射性测井）******,Radiationsymbol,Adevelopmentwell（开发井）isawellthatisdrilledafteranexplorationwell（勘探井）hasconfirmedthepresenceofpetroleumintheation.Usually,ittakesseveraldevelopmentwellstoefficiently（高效地）producehydrocarbonsfromaation.,DrillTechnology,Afterthegeologistsandtheirassistantshavedecidedwherethereislikelytobeoil,theactualdrillingcanbegin.Anexactplaceispickedtospudinthewell,thatis,tobegindrilling.Thisbeginsoneofthebiggest,mostexciting,andmostexpensivegamblinggamesintheworldtoday.*Havethegeologistsbeenright*Willthedrillingproduceoil*Willallthemoneyinvestedinthewell,ofteninvolvingmillionsofdollars,returntheinvestment,orwillitbetotallossAlargeproportionofallthewellsdrilledaredryhoes,wellsthathavenotstruckoil.Thisisparticularlytrueinnewoilfields.,Before1521diggingawellbymanpower,Therearedifferenttechniquesareusedtodrillanoilwell.,Cable-tooldrilling（顿钻）,isthesamesystemthatwasusedfordiggingthefirstrealoilwellbackin1859.asystemoriginallyusedfordiggingwellsforwater.Basically,itinvolvespunchingaholedeeperanddeeperintotheground.Acuttingtool（切割工具）calledabit（钻头）,ontheendofadrillingstemisraisedandthenallowedtofall;thebitcuts（切割）andcrushes（粉碎）thedirtorrockatthebottomofthewell.Whenstemandbitarepulledup,thedebris（碎石）atthebottomofthewellisremoved（搬走）.Thenthebitisdroppedagaintocrushmorerock,andtheprocessisrepeatedoverandoveragain.Cable–tooldrillingisonlyusedwhenthewellisshallowandwhenthereishardrocktocutthrough.,Simpleillustrationoftheearliercable-tooldrilling.,1521～1835年,Stand支柱,Bit钻头,1859～1901年,Rotarydrilling（转钻）mostmodernwellsaredrilledbytherotarydrilling.Thisissimilartothewayinwhichacarpenter（木匠）drillsaholeinapieceofwood.Acuttingbitdrillswithacircularorrotarymotion（旋转运动）atthesametimepushingupthewastefromthedrillingprocess.,Drillingrigscanbedividedintodifferenttypesaccordingtovariousstandards.1.Depthlow-depthdrillingrig﹤1500mmedium-depthdrillingrig1500-3200mDeepdrillingrig3200-5000Over-depthdrillingrig﹥5000,TypesofDrillingRigs,2.DrivetypeMechanicalDrive---MD（机械驱动）Electricdrive-----ED（电力驱动）3.RegionandUseLanddrillingrigOff-shoreoildrillingrigSanddrillingrigInclinedwelldrillingrig,TypesofDrillingRigs,RelationshipsoftheRigComponentsArotarydrillingrigismadeupofmanycomponents.Thesecomponentsworktogethertoaccomplishthemainfunctionsofallrotaryrigs---inordertolearnaboutthecomponentsthatittakestomakehole,itisconvenienttodividethemintofoursystems,thatis,thepower（动力）,hoisting（提升）,circulating（循环）,androtating（旋转）systems.,1.Powersystem（动力系统）.Practicallyeveryrigusesinternal-combustionengines（内燃机）asitsprimepowersource（原动力源）,oritsprimemover（原动机）.Arig’senginesaresimilartotheoneinacarexceptthatrigenginesarebigger,morepowerful,andusedieselasafuel.Arigdependingonitssizeandhowdeepaholeitmustdrill,mayhavefromtwotofourengines.Onceallthispowerisdeveloped,itmustbesentortransmitted（输送）tothecomponents（各部件）tobeputtoworkbytwocommonselectrical（电力的）andmechanical（机械的）.,柴油机dieselengine发电机generator传动机构compound机械传动MechanicalPowerTransmission柴油机-电传动diesel－electricPowerTransmission,2.Hoistingsystem（提升系统）.Thederrick（井架）supportsthehook（大钩）andelevators（吊卡）bymeansofthetravelingblock（游动滑车）,wireline（钢丝绳）,crownblock（天车）,anddrawworks（绞车）.Thedrawworksispoweredbyprimemoverswhichareusuallytwo,three,orevenfour,engines,toraiseorlowerthedrillstem（钻柱）sothatthebit（钻头）candrill.,井架（derrick绞车（drawworks钢丝绳wirerope、fastline、deadline天车（Crown游动滑车travelingBlock大钩（Hook,3.Circulatingsystem（循环系统）.Whendrillingisinprogress,thecomponents（部件）ofthehoistingsystemalongwiththemudpump（泥浆泵）andprimemovers（原动机）areusedtocirculatedrillingfluid（钻井液）fromthemudpit（泥浆池）throughthestandpipe（立柱）,rotaryhose（旋转软管）,swivel（水龙头）,collars（钻铤）tothebit（钻头）.Thedrillingfluidisaspecialliquidorsometimesairorgas.Cuttings（岩屑）areed（冲刷）fromthebottomoftheholetothesurface,thusprovidingacleanplaceforthebittowork.,循环系统（CirculatingSystem,泥浆泵（pump立管standpipe水龙头swivel方钻杆kelly钻柱drillstem钻头bit环空annulus,出口管线dischargeline震动筛shaleshaker除气器degasser除砂器desander除泥器desilter泥浆罐mudtank,MudPumps（泵）drillingmudmixtureofwater,clay（粘土）,weightingmaterial（加重材料）andchemicals,usedtoliftrockcuttingsfromthedrillbittothesurfaceunderpressurethroughthekelly（方钻杆）,rotarytable（转盘）,drillpipes（钻杆）anddrillcollars（钻铤）pump-sucksmudfromthemudpitsandpumpsittothedrillingapparatus（钻机装置）pipesandhoses（管子和软管）-connectspumptodrillingapparatus,4.Rotatingsystem（旋转系统）.Therotarytable（转盘）,poweredbytheprimemovers,isturnedtorotatethekelly（方钻杆）afourorsix-sidedpipebelowtheswivel（水龙头）,whichisconnectedwithdrillstem（钻柱）throughthekellydrivebushing（方钻杆补心）.Therotationofthekellycausesthebittoturnandmakehole.Thekelly,ofcourse,issupportedbythehoistingsystem.,转盘RotaryTable转盘方补心（MasterBushing方补心kellyBushing方钻杆kelly钻柱drillstring钻头bit,井控系统（ThewellControl,球型防喷器（AnnularBOP）旋转防喷器（RotatingBOP闸板防喷器（RamBOP）方钻杆旋塞（Kellycock）压井管汇（chokemanifold）,球型防喷器（AnnularBOP）,,闸板防喷器（RamBOP）,,旋转防喷器（RBOP）,地面节流管汇chokemanifold,,,Anatomyofanoilrig,Rotarydrillingrig,EightmaincomponentsofarigDerrick（井架）,crownblock（天车）,travelingblock（游动滑车）,hook（大钩）,swivel（水龙头）,hoistdrawworks（绞车）,rotarytable（转盘）,mudpump（泥浆泵）.,Derrick（井架）–Aderrickisalsocalledthestandardderrick.Itisastructurewithfoursupportinglegsrestingonasquarebase,holdingthedrillingapparatus;tallenoughtoallownewsectionsofdrillpipetobeaddedtothedrillingapparatusasdrillingprogresses.Theentireworkareaofthefloorisinthederricksquare.Incontrast,themast（桅杆式井架）ismuchslendererThestandardderrick-exceptforextremelydeepwellsandmanyoffshoredrillingrigshasbecomefairlyraretoday,andthemasthasallbutreplacedit.,Themasthasreplacedthederrickfortwoprincipalreasons1.itcanbemovedwithoutbeingdisassembled（拆卸）,2.Itiseasytolowerwhenajobisfinishedandtoerectonanewjob.Mastsandderricksareavailableinvariousheights,rangingfromabout95to165feet,with136to145feetbeingthemostcommonheight.,DrawworksAdrawworksisthesamegeneraltypeofmechanismthatisknowninotherindustryashoist.ThetwomainpurposesofthedrawworksareToliftthepipeoutofthehole.Tolowerthepipebackintothehole.,Drillstem（钻柱）Drillstemconsistsofthreemainpartsdrillcollar（钻铤）,whichareheavy,thick-walled,hollowsteeltubes;drillpipe（钻杆）,whichlikethedrillcollars,isahollowsteelsometimesaluminumtube,notasheavyasthecollars;akelly（方钻杆）,whichisahollow,squared-sidedorhexagonal-sidedlengthofsteeltubing.,,,,钻铤DrillCollar,稳定器Stabilizer,接头Tooljoint,,,钻头RockBit,接头sub,钻杆drillpipe,钻杆DrillPipe,,方钻杆Kelley,钻柱组成Compositionofdrillstring,Mainfunctionsofdrillstem1.Itlowersthebitintotheholeandwithdrawsit.2.Partofthedrillstemputsweightonthebitsothatthebitcanpenetratetheationsmoreeffectively.3.Ittransmitsaturningorrotatingactiontothebit.4.Itconductsthedrillingfluidunderpressurefromthesurfacetothebit.,Thelengthsofsteeltubethatmakeupthedrillpipearealsoexpensive.Thedrillpipesareknownasastring,consistingofmanysectionsofpipejoinedtogether.Eachpipesectionisaboutthirtyfeetlong.Twosections,threesections,orfoursectionsatatimeareknownasdoubles,thribbles,orfourbles,respectively.,Rotarytabletherotaryisthepieceofequipmentonarotaryrigthatgivestherigitsname.Therotaryservestwomainfunctions1.Torotatethedrillstemand2.Toholddevicescalledslipsthatsupporttheweighofthedrillstemwhenthelatterisnotsupportedbythehookandelevators.,Swivelaswivelisaremarkablemechanicaldevice.Theswiveldoesnotrotate,butitsupportsthekellywhichdoes.Furthermore,theentireloadisintroducedintothedrillstemiscarriedbytheswivelwheneverdrillingisinprogress.,,RotaryDrillingBitstheonlypartoftherotary-rigequipmentthatactuallymakeshole.Thedrillingbitsareespeciallydesignedforthedifferentkindsofundergroundlayersthattheyhavetocutthrough.Andnomatterhowstrongorsharptheyare,theywearoutsoonerorlaterandmustbereplaced.Typesofbitsavailableinclude1.steel-toothrockbits（钢齿岩石钻头）,2.tungstencarbideinsertbits（碳化钨钻头）.3.diamondbits（金刚石钻头）Toselectabit,severalfactorsshouldbeconsidered;1.thenatureoftherockstobedrilled.2.thedepthintheearth.3.rockationsanticipated,金刚石取芯钻头diamondcoringbit,Oneoftheessentialfeaturesofarotarydrillingsystemisitscirculatingsystem,commonlycalledthemudsystem.Fortherotarydrillingsystemtofunction,fluidmustbecirculateddownwardthroughthedrillstem（钻柱）,aroundthebit（钻头）andupwardintheannularspace（环空）betweenthedrillstemandthewallofthehole（井筒）orthecasing（套管）.TheprincipalpurposesofcirculationfluidaretoCleanthebottomoftheholeCoolthebitcuttingsfromtheholeSupportthewallsofthewellsothattheydonotcaveinPreventtheentryofationfluidintothebore-hore.Thecirculationfluidisusuallyaliquid,mixtureofwater,clay,weightingmaterialandchemicals,usedtoliftrockcuttingsfromthedrillbittothesurface.Ifthecirculatingfluidisaliquid,itisusuallymadeupmostlyofwater,althoughoccasionallyoilisthemajorcomponent.Bothtypesofcirculatingfluidsareusuallycalledmud,ordrillingmud,becausethatiswhattheyappeartobe.,Drillingfluids,Pump（泥浆泵）-sucksmudfromthemudpitsandpumpsittothedrillingapparatuspipesandhoses（泥浆管和泥浆软管）-connectspumptodrillingapparatusmud-returnline（泥浆上返管）-returnsmudfromholeshaleshaker（震动筛）-shaker/sievethatseparatesrockcuttingsfromthemudreservepit（泥浆储备池）-collectsrockcuttingsseparatedfromthemudmudpits（泥浆池）-wheredrillingmudismixedandrecycledmud-mixinghopper（泥浆混合漏斗）-wherenewmudismixedandthensenttothemudpits,BlowoutPreventers（防喷器）BOPdevicesaretypicallyinstalled（安装）onthetopofthecasing,belowtherigfloor（钻台）.BOPsarelargves（阀门）thathelpcontainliquidandgaspressureinthewell.OnetypeofBOPcansealoff（剪断）theannulus（环空）,thespacebetweenthedrillpipeandthecasing.Anothercan,shearoffthedrillpipeandthussealoff（封闭）theentirewell,whileathirdcansealoffthewellifnodrillpipeisinthehole.UsuallyseveraloftheseBOPsaremountedasaBOPstack（防喷器组）.,Wellcompletion（完井）Oncethedesignwelldepthisreached,theationmustbetested（测试）anduated（评估）todeterminewhetherthewellwillbecompletedforproduction（生产）,orplugged（阻塞）andabandoned（放弃）.,Completedwell,Onceanaturalgasoroilwellisdrilled,andithasbeenverified（证实）thatcommerciallyviable（经济价值）quantitiesofnaturalgasarepresentforextraction（开采）,thewellmustbe‘completed’toallowfortheflowofpetroleumornaturalgasoutoftheationanduptothesurface.Thisprocessincludesstrengthening（加固）thewellholewithcasing（套管）,uating（评价）thepressureandtemperatureoftheation,andtheninstalling（安装）theproperequipmenttoensureanefficientflowofnaturalgasoutofthewell.,Completingawellconsistsofanumberofsteps;installingthewellcasing（安装套管）,completingthewell（完井）,installingthewellhead（安装井头）,andinstallingliftingequipment（安装举升设备）ortreatingtheation（对地层处理）shouldthatberequired.,Casingandcementing（套管和固井）DrillingforoilorgasinvolvestwomainobjectivestoboreaholetothepetroleumaccumulationToinstallapipefromthereservoirtothesurface.,,,,,,,oilzone,CasingProgram,Casing（套管）-large-diameterconcretepipe（混凝土管）thatlines（封衬）thedrillhole,preventstheholefromcollapsing（跨塌）,andallowsdrillingmudtocirculate（循环）.Itisusuallycemented（用水泥固定）toinsureapressure-tight（压力密闭）connectiontotheoilorgasreservoir.Casinginawellhassiximportantfunctions1.Topreventcaving（跨塌）ofthehole2.Topreventcontamination（污染）offreshwaterinuppersandsbyfluidsfromlowerzones.,Toexclude（排除）waterfromtheproducingationToconfine（限定）productiontothewellboreToprovideameansofcontrollingwellpressure.Topermitinstallationofartificialliftequipmentforproducingthewell.,Therearedifferenttypesofwellcasing.ThemostcommonlyusedtypesincludeConductorCasing（导管）SurfaceCasing（表层套管）IntermediateCasing（中间套管，技术套管）ProductionCasing（生产套管）,InstallingWellCasing,SurfaceCasing,IntermediateCasing,ProductionCasing,Conductorcasing,Perforations,概述,,（a）（b）（c）（d）（e）图7-2注水泥工艺流程示意图（a）循环钻井液（b）注隔离液和水泥浆（c）替浆（d）替浆（e）碰压1压力表2上胶塞3下胶塞4钻井液5浮箍6引鞋7水泥浆8隔离液9钻井液,下完套管之后，把水泥浆泵入套管内，再用钻井液把水泥浆顶替到管外环形空间设计位置的作业称之为注水泥。,WellCompletion（完井）Wellcompletioncommonlyreferstotheprocessoffinishingawellsothatitisreadytoproduceoilornaturalgas.Completionequipmentandthesemployedarequitevaried,andthedecisionsforanindividualwellareusuallybasedonthetypeofoilorgasaccumulationsinvolv
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