小浪底水库对河道水质净化能力的影响.pdf

表 2 处理单元水力停留时间表h 两段H O 池接触氧化池沉淀池 48242 注 列出的处理单元是按 GB8978 -1996 一级排放标准设定的, 如 果按中水回用标准 作循环冷却系统补充水用 , 则在沉淀池后还需要 加石英砂过滤器消毒、纤维球过滤器及活性炭吸附柱等处理设施。 5 结论 玉米淀粉废水的处理 , 要使 CODCr达标并不难, 只要充分考虑蛋白质生物降解所需要的水力停留时 间即可 ,设计成功的关键点在于 如何综合考虑在削 减CODCr的同时, 同步有效地除磷脱氮, 使三项指标 同时达标。 参考文献 [ 1] 芮尊元等. 有机污水的水解-好氧处理技术. 环境保护,2000. [ 2] 任南琪, 王爱杰等编著. 厌氧生物技术原理与应用. 北京 化学工 业出版社, 2004. [ 3] 王凯军, 秦人伟编著. 发酵工业废水处理. 北京 化学工业出版 社, 2000. 作者通讯处 蔡晶 130026 长春市 吉林大学地球探测科学与技 术学院 2006- 06-15 收稿 小浪底水库对河道水质净化能力的影响 ＊ 师 洋 徐志修 毛玉霞 黄河水资源保护科学研究所, 河南 郑州 450004 摘要 依据地表水环境质量标准 GB3838 -2002, 采用单因子评价方法, 分别对小浪底水库建成前 3 年和建成后 4 年 的河道水质进行评价, 结果表明, 小浪底水库建成后, 在库首断面水质持续恶化的情况下, 小浪底坝下水质状况却明显 好转, 说明小浪底水库库水对原水污染物有较强的净化能力, 从而使下游河段水质得到改善。 关键词 小浪底水库 水质评价 单因子评价 影响 ＊黄河联合研究基金项目 50239010 0 引言 小浪底水库坝址上距三门峡水库坝址130 km ,下 距孟津大桥断面 28 km ,蓄水总库容 126. 510 8 m 3 , 是黄河干流在三门峡以下惟一能取得较大库容的控 制性工程 。该工程于 1999 -10 -25 下闸蓄水运 用 [ 1] 。作为大型水利水电建设项目之一 ,小浪底水库 的兴建对于改造自然 、 合理利用资源具有明显的经济 和社会效益 ,但是, 巨大的库容对下游河道水环境质 量也将产生一定影响 。因此, 对小浪底水库建成前后 上下游一定范围内河道水质变化进行评价分析,对其 保证下游的供水 、 灌溉是非常必要的。 1 水质评价前期准备 为研究小浪底水库建成前后上下游若干公里河 段水质的变化情况, 可分别以三门峡坝下水文水质监 测断面 简称三门峡断面 和小浪底坝下水质监测断 面 简称小浪底断面 作为小浪底库区上下游水质监 测断面 。然而, 小浪底水库建成以前, 小浪底断面并 没有水质监测资料, 而位于下游28 km 处的孟津大桥 水质监测断面 简称孟津大桥断面 与小浪底断面之 间的河段基本没有污染物汇入 ,因此小浪底水库建成 前的水质监测断面可用孟津大桥断面代替。 1. 1 资料选取 1999年作为小浪底水库建成前后的分水岭 , 选 取小浪底水库建成前 1995 -11 -1998-10 和建成后 2000 -11- 2004 -10 的水质监测资料, 分别对上下游河 段汛期和非汛期的水质进行评价。 1. 2 评价因子 黄河干流主要定类污染因子为化学需氧量 CODCr 、氨氮 NH3-N 和高锰酸盐指数 CODMn , 因 此将这3 个污染因子作为此次评价的主要评价因子 。 1. 3 评价方法 评价方法采用单因子法, 即根据断面各评价因子 各不同时段中的算术平均值与评价标准比较 ,确定以 74 环 境 工 程 2007年 2 月第25 卷第1 期 上评价因子的水质类别, 其中最高类别即为该断面在 不同时段的综合水质类别 。本研究的评价结果即采 用综合水质类别 。 1. 4 评价标准 评价标准依据地表水环境质量标准 GB3838- 2002 进行评价 。3 个污染因子的数据采用的是黄河 流域水资源保护局监测中心的监测资料 。地表水环 境质量标准限值见表 1。 表 1 部分地表水环境质量标准限值[2]mg L 类别 CODCrNH3-NCODMn Ⅰ150. 152 Ⅱ150. 54 Ⅲ201. 06 Ⅳ301. 510 Ⅴ402. 015 2 小浪底水库建成前水质评价及分析 根据小浪底水库建成前 1995 -11 -1998-10 的水 质监测资料 ,在对三门峡断面和孟津大桥断面的3 个 主要污染因子作评价后, 各自在非汛期和汛期的综合 水质类别见表 2。 表 2 三门峡断面与孟津大桥断面评价结果 时间 三门峡 断面 孟津大 桥断面 时间 三门峡 断面 孟津大 桥断面 1995 -11- 1996 -06 ⅢⅢ 1997 -11- 1998 -06 ⅢⅣ 1996 -07- 1996 -10 ⅤⅣ 1998 -07- 1998 -10 ⅣⅢ 1996 -11- 1997 -06 ⅢⅣ 1997 -07- 1997 -10 ⅣⅣ3 年平均ⅣⅣ 由表 2 可知 ,非汛期两断面水质均在 Ⅳ类水质限 值以内 ,孟津大桥断面水质较三门峡断面略差 ,但整 体上库区库首至坝下河段的水质变化不明显。汛期 两断面水质也在 Ⅳ类水质限值以内 ,而孟津大桥断面 水质较三门峡断面略好, 整体上汛期小浪底上下游水 质差别很小。 总体上看, 在小浪底水库建成前 , 两断面的水质 大都在Ⅳ类水质限值之内 ,部分水期可满足集中式生 活饮用水Ⅲ类水质要求 。结合 3 年水质评价结果可 知,小浪底水库建成前 , 库区库首至坝下水质基本上 保持一致 。 3 小浪底水库建成后水质评价及分析 根据 2000-11 - 2004-10 监测资料, 在对三门峡断 面和小浪底断面的 3个主要污染因子作评价后 ,各自 在非汛期和汛期的水质类别见表 3。 表 3 三门峡断面与孟津大桥断面评价结果 时间 三门峡 断面 小浪底 断面 时间 三门峡 断面 小浪底 断面 2000 -11- 2001 -06 ⅣⅢ 2003 -07- 2003 -10 劣ⅤⅣ 2001 -07- 2001 -10 劣ⅤⅡ 2003 -11- 2004 -06 劣ⅤⅢ 2001 -11- 2002 -06 ⅤⅢ 2004 -07- 2004 -10 劣ⅤⅡ 2002 -07- 2002 -10 劣ⅤⅢ 2002 -11- 2003 -06 劣ⅤⅤ4年平均劣ⅤⅢ 从表 3 可以看出, 三门峡水文水质断面有 2个非 汛期水质超出了劣 Ⅴ类标准 , 汛期水质全部为 Ⅴ类, 水质状况极差。与小浪底水库建成前相比,三门峡断 面水质明显恶化 。 相对而言, 除去 2002-10 由于来水偏枯造成水 质略差外, 小浪底坝下断面水质均在 Ⅲ类水质标准限 值以内 ,可以满足集中式生活饮用水 Ⅲ类水质要求。 2001年和 2004 年汛期水质甚至达到了 Ⅱ类, 水质状 况较 90年代末有明显的好转 。 4 结论 本研究根据多年来水质监测资料及黄河水情信 息,分别对小浪底水库建成前 3 年和建成后 4 年的河 道水质进行评价和分析对比。结果表明 ,小浪底水库 的兴建不仅有利于下游的水沙调节 ,而且可以充分利 用自身巨大库容的调蓄作用对入库污染物进行稀释 降解 ,使下游水质状况有明显好转 。由此可见, 小浪 底工程的运营为出库污染物的净化与转移产生了有 益影响 ,且能有效地改善下游下泄水水质 ,进而为下 游供水水质安全提供了有力保障。 参考文献 [ 1] 解新芳等. 黄河小浪底工程环境保护实践. 郑州 黄河水利出版 社, 2000. [ 2] 地表水环境质量标准GB3838 -2002. 作者通讯处 师洋 450004 郑州市城北路东 12号东楼 206 黄河流 域水资源保护局 电话 0371 6232803 E -mail shiyang0395163. com 2006- 04-24 收稿 75 环 境 工 程 2007年 2 月第25 卷第1 期 STUDY ONPOLYETHYLENE WASTE SLUDGE OF PAPERMAKING WASTE COMPOSITE Chai Xijuan Sun Kewei Wang Muping 59 Abstract The effect of filler particle size and content on the mechanical behavior of waste sludge of papermaking -reinforced polyethylene waste composite was investigated. In order to improve the general perance of the composite, the sodium hydroxide andKH -550 silane acting as filler modification agents and maleic anhydride modified polyethylene acting as additive of the system were applied. The results show the two kinds of agents can enhance the mechanical perance of the composite. At the same time, the maleic anhydride modified polyethylene canimprove the adhesion between the matrix and the filler. Keywords polyethylene, waste sludge of papermaking and waste composite OPTIMIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SITES BY ENTROPY WEIGHT MULTI- OBJECT DECISION MODELXu Lizhong Zhang Jiangshan Wang Feifeng 61 Abstract Entropy, one of the important concepts in thermodynamics, indicates the uncertain degree of a signal from the ination source, while entropy weight indicates the relatively important degree of a index inthe multi-object decision. It isintroduced the concept of entropy weight, property, analysis of its originality in the application to the optimization of environmental monitoring sites, and the entropy multi -object decision model is set up,which is proved to be feasible and reasonable in the case study . Keywords entropy weight, multi -object decision and optimal number of sites THE VELOCITY FIELD CONSTANT AND ITS AUTOMATIC CHECKING DEVICE Wang Shilong Wang Zhicheng 64 Abstract By means of study on velocity field constant for a flue, a to measure average velocity of gasin flue by constant of velocity fieldwas presented. Automatic checking device for velocity field constant simultaneously was developed. The technical difficult problem for automatic monitoring average velocity of flue gas was solved. Keywords velocity field constant, automatic continuous monitoring, average flow rate and gross emission EXPERIMENTONFLUEGASCONTINUOUSEMISSIONMONITORINGBASEDON DIFFERENTIAL OPTICAL ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPYZheng Haiming Cai Xiaoshu 66 Abstract Differential optical absorption spectroscopy DOASmakes use of the flue gas pollutant different optical absorption characteristic at the UV -VIS wave band to measure their average concentration. By DOAS principle, experimental study was carried out to measure different concentration of SO2, NO2andNO. The DOAS technology can eliminate the influence of dust etc. The DOAS can be applied to monitoring the flue gas emission concentration and should correct the temperature effect on flue gas differential absorption characteristics. Keywords flue gas continuous emission monitoring , differential optical absorption spectroscopy DOAS, gas contamination and on -line monitoring APPLICATION OF BP MODELING BASED -ON RANDOM SAMPLES TO ASSESSMENT ON NATURAL WATER QUALITYZou Zhihong Wang Xueliang 69 Abstract This paper presents an error back propagation model to uate water quality comprehensively. Aiming at the problems of few training samples and no testing sampleswhen error back propagation model is applied in the field of water quality assessment, a great number of data can be generated through uni distribution random function as training samples and testing samples. Trying to anlysize the relationships of the output of testing samples and the expecting output using the MSE function inMATLAB 7 could raise the accountability of new sampling. This can greatly improve the accurancy of the ANN model in the water quality uation. Keywords BPANN, water quality synthetic uation, random samples and testing TECHNIQUES OF CORN STARCH WASTEWATER TREATMENT Cai Jing Chai Sheli Rui Mingxian et al 72 Abstract It is presented the characteristics of corn starch wastewater, the processes for this kind of wastewater treatment, some problems worth of considering and the choices of parameters in process design. Keywords corn starch wastewater and treatment processes THEINFLUENCEOFXIAOLANGDIRESERVOIRONRIVERWAYWATERQUALITY PURIFICATION ABILITYShi Yang Xu Zhixiu Mao Yuxia 74 Abstract According to “ Surface Water Environment Quality Standard” GB3838 -2002, it was uated the riverway water quality of 5 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Vol. 25, No. 1,Feb. , 2007 Xiaolangdi Reservoir 3 years before its completion and 4 years after its completion, using the single factor uation . The result indicated that after the completion of Xiaolangdi Reservoir completed, although the water quality in the reservoir head section continuously changes for the worse, yet that below the dam obviously changes for the better. Which shows that the water inXiaolangdi Reservoir has a strong ability for purifying the pollutants of the original water, thus improving the water quality of downstream reach. Keywords Xiaolangdi Reservoir,water quality uation, single factor uation and influence ANALYSIS OFDECOLORIZATIONEFFICIENCYBYOZONATION ANDRESIDUESIN SOLUTION OF ACID LIGHT YELLOW GLiu Jiale Luo Hanjin Wei Chaohai et al 76 Abstract It was investigated the decolorization of acid light yellow G by ozonation, change in pH of its solution, and the residues in the degraded solution. The result indicated that the decolorization efficiency reached 97. 5 in 20 min, and some acid materials could be produced, causing the devease in pH value with increasing the reaction time. The trend of the pH change was consistence with the decoloziration efficiency. SO3Na in the dye molecule was generated into SO2- 4, nitrogen was degraded to the compounds containing N, but not NO - 2andNO - 3. Keywords acid light yellow G, decolorization, ozone and residue USING FLOATATION -HYDROLYSIS-CONTACT OXIDATION PROCESS TO TREATBATIK WASTEWATERWu Xiaohang Xu Xiang 78 Abstract The application of floatation -hydrolysis -contact oxidation process to treat batik wastewater was presented. It is indicated by the practical operation project that the technique has high efficency of treatment and stable operation. It is found that all the inds can meet the second -order of“Wastewater Pollutants Discharge Standard for Textile Printing Industry” GB4287 -1992. Keywords floatation, hydrolysis, contact oxidation process and batik TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY OF CLEANER PRODUCTION OF MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE WASTEWATERWang Hongmei Wang Donghui Zhao Baoguo 80 Abstract It is introduced that the treatment technology of cleaner production of monosodium glutamate wastewater MGW. The application result showed the treatment technology of cleaner production can save energy and lower cost as compared with the traditional technologies of physico -chemical treatment and bio -chemical treatment. Keywords monosodium glutamate wastewater, cleaner production, wastewater treatment and treatment technology TREATING ECONOMICALLY AND HIGH EFFICIENTLY THE DOMESTIC SEWAGE FROM URBAN HOUSING ESTATEZhou Jijun YaoYaming Cui Shujun et al 82 Abstract According to the domestic sewage treatment engineering example of Beijing Yunhu Holiday Village, it was introduced the integrated sewage treatment technology of pre -aerated adjust ment -biochemical reaction -biologic filtration -sanitizing. Practice testified that this technology possessed the economical and efficient characteristics, and is fit for national conditions in China. Keywords domestic sewage, CODCrand up to the first -class discharged standard DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL INWASTERWATER TREATMENT PROCESSWang Rongbin Li Jun Zhang Ning et al 84 Abstract It was introduced the development of biological phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment process, and was also discussed the principles and new techniques of biological denitrification and phosphorus removal. Itwas analyzed the influencing factors, as well as the meritsand demerits of denitrifying phosphorus removal. Itwas also pointed out that this processwas suitable for sewage treatmentwith low carbon-phosphorus ratio and carbon-nitrogen ration, as well as the problems to be solved in actual use. Keywords biological phosphorus removal, denitrifying phosphorus removing and wasterwater treatment Sponsor Central Research Institute of Building and Construction of MCC Group Publisher Industrial Construction Magazine Agency Editor The Editorial Department of Environmental Engineering 33, Xitucheng Road,Haidian District, Beijing 100088, China Telephone 01082227637、82227638 Fax 01082227637 Chief EditorWeng Zhongying Domestic All Local Posts DistributorChina International Book Trading Corporation P . O . Box 399, Beijing China China Standard Serial Numbering ISSN1000-8942 CN11-2097 X E -mail Addresshjgcpublic. yj. cn. net hjgcmail. yj. cn. net WWW Addresshttp www. hjgc. com. cn http www. hjgc. net. cn 6 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Vol. 25, No. 1,Feb. , 2007