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Potential for Discovery of World-class Ore Deposits in China 在中国找到世界级金属矿的潜力在中国找到世界级金属矿的潜力 Kaihui Yang and Noel White Asia Now Resources Corporation Main Deposit Types主要矿床类型主要矿床类型 ♦Magmatic Cr, Ni-Cu-PGE, Ti-V 岩浆岩型Cr, Ni-Cu-PGE, Ti-V矿床 ♦Porphyry-epithermal Cu-Mo-Au-Ag 斑岩-浅成热液型Cu-Mo-Au-Ag矿床 ♦Skarn Cu-Au-Pb-Zn-Sn 矽卡岩型Cu-Au-Pb-Zn-Sn矿床 ♦Volcanogenic massive sulfide VMS Cu-Zn-Pb-Au-Ag VMS型Cu-Zn-Pb-Au-Ag矿床 ♦Sedimentary exhalative Sedex Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-Sn Sedex型Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-Sn矿床 ♦Mississippi Valley-type MVT Pb-Zn MVT型Pb-Zn矿床 ♦Sediment-hosted Cu-Pb-Zn-Sb-Hg-Al-Mn-Sr-Ba 层控型Cu-Pb-Zn-Sb-Hg-Al-Mn-Sr-Ba矿床 ♦Orogenic Au-Ag deposits 造山带型Au-Ag矿床 El Teniente, Chile 12,482 Mt 0.63 Cu, 0.02 Mo, 0.035 g/t Au 79 Mt Cu, 2.5 Mt Mo, 437 t Au Chuquicamata, Chile 7,521 Mt 0.55 Cu, 0.024 Mo, 0.04g/t Au41 Mt Cu, 1.8 Mt Mo, 301 t Au Grasberg, Indonesia 2,480 Mt 1.13 Cu, 1.05g/t Au28 Mt Cu, 2,480 t Au Bingham Canyon, USA 3,228 Mt 0.88 Cu, 0.02 Mo, 0.50g/t Au28 Mt Cu, 1,603 t Au Escondida, Chile 2300 Mt 1.15 Cu26.0 Mt Cu Oyu Tolgoi, Mongolia 2,467 Mt 0.68 Cu, 0.32g/t Au16.8 Mt Cu, 790 t Au Kal’makyr, Uzbekistan 2,700 Mt 0.40 Cu, 0.51g/t Au10.8 Mt Cu, 1,374 t Au Batu Hijau, Indonesia 1,644 Mt 0.44 Cu, 0.35g/t Au7.2 Mt Cu, 572 t Au Climax, USA 900 Mt 0.24 Mo2.2 Mt Mo Some Important Porphyry Ore Deposits 一些重要的斑岩型矿床一些重要的斑岩型矿床 after R. Foster 2002 GOLD DEPOSITS 100t Au 金矿床(金矿床(100t Au)) 造山带型大型金矿床造山带型大型金矿床 Potential 1000 km Mineral Resources in China中国的矿产资源中国的矿产资源 ♦171 economic minerals with proven reserves being established for 156 commodities 171个矿种中有个矿种中有156个具有探明储量个具有探明储量 ♦200,000 mineral deposits and occurrences including 25,000 sizable and 87 large deposits 200,000个矿床和矿产地中,包括个矿床和矿产地中,包括25,000个成型矿床和个成型矿床和87个大型矿床个大型矿床 ♦Abundant W, Sn, Mo, Sb, REE, Nb, Ta, V, Ti, Hg, Li and Be 丰富的丰富的W, Sn, Mo, Sb, REE, Nb, Ta, V, Ti, Hg, Li and Be资源资源 ♦Abundant fluorite, magnesite, mirabilite, gypsum/anhydrite, bentonite, asbestos, talc, graphite, wollastonite and vermiculite 丰富的萤石,菱镁矿,芒硝,石膏丰富的萤石,菱镁矿,芒硝,石膏/硬石膏, 蒙托石硬石膏, 蒙托石, 石棉,滑石,石墨, 硅灰石,蛭石等资源 石棉,滑石,石墨, 硅灰石,蛭石等资源 ♦Shortage of chromite, PGE, high-grade Cu/Mn/Fe ores, potash, trona and diamond 缺少铬铁矿,缺少铬铁矿,PGE,高品位,高品位Cu/Mn/Fe矿,钾盐,天然碱和金刚石矿,钾盐,天然碱和金刚石 Mining Industry of China 中国矿业中国矿业 ♦China imports 400 million tonnes or 45 iron ore produced in the world 中国每年进口中国每年进口4亿吨矿石,相当于亿吨矿石,相当于45%的世界铁矿石产量%的世界铁矿石产量 ♦80 of copper supplies rely on imports 80%的铜依赖进口%的铜依赖进口 ♦China spends US40 billion per year importing minerals 中国每年花高于中国每年花高于400亿美元用于进口矿产亿美元用于进口矿产 ♦China produces 250 t gold, but from 1,000 gold mines 中国每年产约中国每年产约250吨金,但产金矿山超过吨金,但产金矿山超过1000个个 ♦10,300 state-owned mines 10,300个国有矿山个国有矿山 ♦300,000 collectively-owned and private mines 300,000个集体所有制和私人矿山个集体所有制和私人矿山 ♦About 21 million people employed 大约两千一百万矿业从业人员大约两千一百万矿业从业人员 Geological Database地质数据地质数据 Survey ProgramCoverage of mainland area 1/1,000,000 geological map 98.7 1/200,000 geological map 72 1/50,000 geological map 16 1/200,000 and 1/500,000 geochemical survey 65 1/1,000,000 gravity survey 73 1/200,000 gravity survey31 Airborne survey 97 Remote sensing survey 16 地调项目覆盖率地调项目覆盖率 Altaids Tethysides Tarim Sino-Korean Yangtze 80100110120 130 90 40 30 20 80 90 100 110 120 20 130 30 50 40 Shanghai Beijing S ino-Korea T arim Y angtze Cathaysia 1000 km Tethysides Tethysides Altaides PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSITS 斑岩铜矿斑岩铜矿 BIG LITTLE HIGH SULFIDATION GOLD DEPOSITS 高硫金矿高硫金矿 BIG LITTLE 65 75 60 30 30 65 90 120150180 6590 120150180 Yanshanian magmatic arc West Pacific magmatic arc 0 1000 km Exploration(勘探)(勘探) Porphyry/intrusion-Epithermal-Skarn 斑岩斑岩/侵入岩型-浅成低温型-夕卡岩型侵入岩型-浅成低温型-夕卡岩型 Porphyry newnew 1000 km Exploration(勘探)(勘探) Porphyry/intrusion-Epithermal-Skarn 斑岩斑岩/侵入岩型-浅成热液型-夕卡岩型侵入岩型-浅成热液型-夕卡岩型 Map of magmatic Cr, Cu, Ni, and PGE 1000 km Exploration(勘探)(勘探) Magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE 岩浆岩型岩浆岩型Ni-Cu-PGE矿床矿床 Exploration-Ni newnew 1000 km Exploration (勘探)(勘探) Magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE 岩浆岩型岩浆岩型Ni-Cu-PGE矿床矿床 Diamond 1000 km Exploration(勘探)(勘探) Diamond(金刚石)(金刚石) Map of Sedex, MVT and VMS 1000 km Exploration勘探勘探 VMS, Sedex MVT VMS 1000 km Exploration(勘探)(勘探) VMS, Sedex MVT Sed-hosted 1000 km Exploration(勘探)(勘探) Sed-hosted, Fe-oxide, redbeds 层控型、铁氧化型、红层型层控型、铁氧化型、红层型 Map of orogenic gold-silver 1000 km Exploration(勘探)(勘探) Orogenic Au, Ag, PGE 造山带型造山带型Au, Ag, PGE矿床矿床 Orogenic 1000 km Exploration (勘探)(勘探) Orogenic Au, Ag, PGE 造山带型造山带型Au, Ag, PGE矿床矿床 How to Find a World Class Ore Deposit 如何找到世界级金属矿如何找到世界级金属矿 ♦Geochemistry(地球化学)(地球化学) ♦Geophysics(地球物理)(地球物理) ♦Geology(地质学)(地质学) 2004 2005 2006 Summary(概要)(概要) ♦Exploration since 1950s has indicated that China has abundant resources of rare metals and industry minerals, but a shortage of chromite, high grade Cu/Mn/Fe ores, PGEs, diamonds and potash. 五十年代至今的矿业勘探表明中国有丰富的稀有金属和非 金属矿资源,但是缺少铬铁矿、高品位的 五十年代至今的矿业勘探表明中国有丰富的稀有金属和非 金属矿资源,但是缺少铬铁矿、高品位的Cu/Mn/Fe矿资 源、 矿资 源、PGE、钻石和钾盐。、钻石和钾盐。 ♦Significant potential for world-class ore deposits remains particularly in the largely unexplored area of western China. 中国具有找到世界级大矿的很大潜力,特别西部大面积未 开发区域。 中国具有找到世界级大矿的很大潜力,特别西部大面积未 开发区域。 ♦The Altaides, Tethysides and the Yanshanian volcanoplutonic belt have high potential for porphyry-epithermal-skarn, VMS, Sedex, orogenic Muruntau-style and redbed type targets. 阿尔泰地区、古特提斯周边和燕山火山岩带都有很大潜力 发现斑岩型-浅成热液型-矽卡岩型、 阿尔泰地区、古特提斯周边和燕山火山岩带都有很大潜力 发现斑岩型-浅成热液型-矽卡岩型、VMS、、Sedex、造 山带型( 、造 山带型( Muruntau-style )和红层型靶区。)和红层型靶区。 ♦The cratons and marginal rift zones are favorable for magmatic Ni- Cu-PGEs, REE, diamonds, sediment-hosted, MVT and perhaps new type targets. 板块和边缘裂谷带都是形成岩浆型板块和边缘裂谷带都是形成岩浆型Ni-Cu-PGEs,, REE, 钻石钻石, 层控型层控型, MVT 的有利地带和新型矿床的靶区。的有利地带和新型矿床的靶区。 ♦New technologies and capital are needed exploration of many identified metallogenic belts and for development of large ore deposits in the western provinces 许多已知成矿带的勘探和西部省份的大型金属矿床的开 发都需要新勘探技术和资金。 许多已知成矿带的勘探和西部省份的大型金属矿床的开 发都需要新勘探技术和资金。
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