煤矿开采地表沉陷预计与生态恢复.pdf

20152015 届 硕 士 学 位 论 文届 硕 士 学 位 论 文 煤矿开采地表沉陷预计与生态恢复煤矿开采地表沉陷预计与生态恢复 作者姓名 张晨 指导教师 王翠红 副教授 学科专业 环境工程（专业学位） 研究方向 环境影响评价 培养单位 环境与资源学院 学习年限 2013 年 9 月至 2015 年 6 月 二〇一五年六月 万方数据 山西大学 2015 届硕士学位论文 煤矿开采地表沉陷预计与生态恢复煤矿开采地表沉陷预计与生态恢复 作者姓名 张晨 指导教师 王翠红 副教授 学科专业 环境工程 研究方向 环境影响评价 培养单位 环境与资源学院 学习年限 2013 年 9 月至 2015 年 6 月 二〇一五年六月 万方数据 2 Thesis for Master’ s degree, Shanxi University, 2015 Surface Subsidence Prediction and Ecological Restoration of Coal Mine Student Name Chen Zhang Supervisor A.P. Cui-hong Wang Major Environmental Engineering Specialty Environmental Impact Assessment Department Environment and Resources College Research Duration 20013.09-2015.06 June, 2015 万方数据 目 录 中 文 摘 要 ................................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ II 第一章 绪论 ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 课题研究背景 ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 国内外研究进展 ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 地表沉陷预测研究进展 ............................................................................... 1 1.2.2 矿区生态恢复研究进展 ............................................................................... 2 1.3 研究目的和意义 ..................................................................................................... 4 1.4 研究路线 ................................................................................................................. 4 第二章 煤矿区的地表沉陷 ................................................................................................ 6 2.1 沉陷机理 ................................................................................................................. 6 2.2 沉陷的影响因素 ..................................................................................................... 7 2.3 沉陷对环境的影响 ................................................................................................. 8 2.3.1 自然环境影响 ............................................................................................... 9 2.3.2 社会环境影响 ............................................................................................... 9 第三章 煤矿区沉陷预测 .................................................................................................. 11 3.1 地表移动、变形概率积分法 ............................................................................... 11 3.1.1 原理 ............................................................................................................. 11 3.1.2 模式的建立 ................................................................................................. 12 3.1.3 参数求取 ..................................................................................................... 14 3.2 垮落带和导水裂隙带高度计算 ........................................................................... 16 3.3 MSPS 在煤矿开采沉陷预计中的应用 ................................................................ 17 第四章 采煤沉陷区的生态恢复 ...................................................................................... 19 4.1 沉陷区生态恢复的理论基础 ............................................................................... 19 4.1.1 恢复生态学 ................................................................................................. 19 4.1.2 矿区生态系统的演替 ................................................................................. 19 4.1.3 生态平衡及其调控理论 ............................................................................. 20 4.1.4 复合种群理论 ............................................................................................. 21 4.1.5 循环经济理论 ............................................................................................. 21 万方数据 4 4.1.6 可持续发展理论 ......................................................................................... 22 4.2 沉陷区生态恢复的原则 ....................................................................................... 22 4.2.1 自然优先原则 ............................................................................................. 22 4.2.2 因地制宜原则 ............................................................................................. 23 4.2.3 景观安全原则 ............................................................................................. 23 4.2.4 综合效益最优原则 ..................................................................................... 24 4.3 沉陷区生态恢复措施 ........................................................................................... 24 4.3.1 基质改良 ..................................................................................................... 24 4.3.2 植被恢复 ..................................................................................................... 26 4.3.3 景观重塑 ..................................................................................................... 29 第五章 潞阳昌泰煤矿案例示范 ...................................................................................... 31 5.1 研究区概况 ........................................................................................................... 31 5.1.1 自然、社会环境概况 ................................................................................. 31 5.1.2 矿井概况 ..................................................................................................... 36 5.2 沉陷预测 ............................................................................................................... 38 5.2.1 数据处理 ..................................................................................................... 38 5.2.2 预测结果 ..................................................................................................... 39 5.2.3 沉陷对生态环境的影响预测 ..................................................................... 43 5.3 沉陷区的生态恢复 ............................................................................................... 48 5.3.1 不同类型土地生态恢复方案 ..................................................................... 48 5.3.2 方案技术路线总括 ..................................................................................... 54 5.3.3 效益分析 ..................................................................................................... 55 第六章 结论 ...................................................................................................................... 57 参 考 文 献 ...................................................................................................................... 58 攻读学位期间取得的研究成果 ........................................................................................ 61 致 谢 ................................................................................................................................ 62 个人简况及联系方式 ........................................................................................................ 63 承 诺 书 ........................................................................................................................ 64 学位论文使用授权声明 .................................................................................................... 65 万方数据 Contents Chinse Abstract .................................................................................................................... I Abstract .............................................................................................................................. II Chapter 1 Literature Review ..............................................................................................1 1.1 Research background ...............................................................................................1 1.2 Research Progress .....................................................................................................1 1.2.1 Progress of prediction of surface subsidence .................................................1 1.2.2 Progress of mine ecological restoration .........................................................2 1.3 Purpose and significance ..........................................................................................4 1.4 Research Directions ..................................................................................................4 Chapter 2 Surface subsidence of mining area...................................................................6 2.1 Mechanism of surface subsidence ............................................................................6 2.2 Factors of surface subsidence ...................................................................................7 2.3 Impact of surface subsidence on the environment ...................................................8 2.3.1 Natural Environment ......................................................................................9 2.3.2 Social Environment ........................................................................................9 Chapter 3 Probability integral ........................................................................... 11 3.1 Mechanism of surface subsidence .......................................................................... 11 3.1.1 Principle ........................................................................................................ 11 3.1.2 Model building .............................................................................................12 3.1.3 Parameters ....................................................................................................14 3.2 Calculate of caving zone and water flowing fractured zone ..................................16 3.3 Application of MSPS in coal mining subsidence prediction ..................................17 Chapter 4 Ecological Restoration of Coal Mining Subsidence .....................................19 4.1 Theoretical foundation ............................................................................................19 4.1.1 Restoration ecology ......................................................................................19 4.1.2 Ecosystem succession of coal mining area ...................................................19 4.1.3 Ecological balance and its regulation theory ................................................20 4.1.4 Theory of metapopulation ............................................................................21 万方数据 6 4.1.5 Theory of Circular economy ........................................................................21 4.1.6 Theory of sustainable development ..............................................................22 4.2 Principles of ecological restoration in coal mining area ........................................22 4.2.1 Natural priority .............................................................................................22 4.2.2 Local conditions ...........................................................................................23 4.2.3 Landscape security .......................................................................................23 4.2.4 Integrated optimal efficiency ........................................................................24 4.3 Ecological restoration measures in coal mining area .............................................24 4.3.1 Soil improvement .........................................................................................24 4.3.2 Revegetation .................................................................................................27 4.3.3 Remodeling landscape ..................................................................................29 Chapter 5 Case of Luyang Changtai Mine ......................................................................31 5.1 Situation of research area .......................................................................................31 5.1.1 Natural and social environment ....................................................................31 5.1.2 Mine situation ...............................................................................................36 5.2 Prediction of surface subsidence ............................................................................38 5.2.1 Data processing ............................................................................................38 5.2.2 Result of Prediction of surface subsidence ...................................................39 5.2.3 prediction of impacts on the ecological environment...................................43 5.3 Ecological restoration program ..............................................................................48 5.3.1 Ecological restoration program of different types of land ............................48 5.3.2 Technology roadmap ....................................................................................54 5.3.3 Benefit analysis ............................................................................................55 Chapter 6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................57 References ..........................................................................................................................58 Research achievements .....................................................................................................61 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................62 Personal profiles ................................................................................................................63 Letter of commitment ........................................................................................................64 Authorization statement ...................................................................................................65 万方数据 I 中 文 摘 要 煤炭资源作为人们生产和生活必要的物质条件，是社会进步和发展的重要动 力。伴随着我国煤矿业的发展，煤矿开采导致了一系列环境问题。特别是山西省作 为全国主要的煤炭产地，中小煤矿的不合理开采带来的环境问题尤为严重，生态环 境遭到破坏，制约着矿区经济的可持续发展，严重影响人们的生产、生活。在加快 煤矿兼并重组，淘汰落后产能，促进煤矿企业转型发展的过程中，矿区的生态恢复 工作势在必行。地表塌陷作为煤矿开采最主要的环境问题，对塌陷区的治理也是矿 区生态恢复工作的重点。 本文深入分析了采煤沉陷的概念、沉陷机理、沉陷的影响因素以及沉陷对生态 环境的破坏，提出了地表沉陷预计的原理和模型，总结了比较成熟并广泛使用的沉 陷预计方法。以生态学原理为基础，结合煤矿区生态恢复的原则，并借鉴国内外的 实践经验，得出了煤矿区生态恢复的基本措施，以期为山西煤矿沉陷区的整治提供 依据，减少并遏制煤矿采掘带来的环境问题。 本文以山西寿阳潞阳昌泰煤矿为研究案例，结合上诉理论和方法，在对该矿区 自然、社会环境以及矿井开采方式和技术条件充分认识的基础上，使用概率积分法 对地表沉陷进行预计，同时结合遥感影像对其带来的生态环境影响作了预测，在此 基础上制定了不同土地类型生态恢复的方案，进行了效益分析。 关键词关键词采煤沉陷；沉陷预计；生态恢复 万方数据 II ABSTRACT Coal resources provide essential material conditions for human production and life, and an important driving force for the continuous developme