煤矿区充填复垦土壤生物学特性及其变化研究.pdf

博士学位论文 煤矿区充填复垦土壤生物学特性及其变化研究 Study on Biological Properties and Their Changes of Reclaimed Soil by Filling s in Coal Mining Area 作 者程 伟 导 师卞正富 教授 中国矿业大学 二○一五年六月 中图分类号 X825 学校代码 10290 UDC 502 密 级 公 开 中国矿业大学 博士学位论文 煤矿区充填复垦土壤生物学特性及其变化研究 Study on Biological Properties and Their Changes of Reclaimed Soil by Filling s in Coal Mining Area 作 者 程 伟 导 师 卞正富 申请学位 工学博士 培养单位 环测学院 学科专业 环境科学 研究方向 矿区土地复垦 答辩委员会主席 刘桂建 评 阅 人 二○一五年六月 学位论文使用授权声明学位论文使用授权声明 本人完全了解中国矿业大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意本人所撰 写的学位论文的使用授权按照学校的管理规定处理 作为申请学位的条件之一， 学位论文著作权拥有者须授权所在学校拥有学位 论文的部分使用权，即①学校档案馆和图书馆有权保留学位论文的纸质版和电 子版，可以使用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编学位论文；②为教学和 科研目的，学校档案馆和图书馆可以将公开的学位论文作为资料在档案馆、图书 馆等场所或在校园网上供校内师生阅读、浏览。另外，根据有关法规，同意中国 国家图书馆保存研究生学位论文。 （保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书） 。 作者签名 导师签名 年 月 日 年 月 日 论文审阅认定书论文审阅认定书 研究生 程 伟 在规定的学习年限内，按照研究生培养 方案的要求，完成了研究生课程的学习，成绩合格；在我的指导下完 成本学位论文,经审阅，论文中的观点、数据、表述和结构为我所认 同，论文撰写格式符合学校的相关规定，同意将本论文作为学位申请 论文送专家评审。 导师签字 年 月 日 致致 谢谢 本论文得以完成首先感谢我的导师卞正富教授的悉心指导,没有卞老师悉心 指导,论文是不可能得以顺利完成的。卞老师高尚的人品、忘我的敬业精神、渊 博的学识水平及严谨的治学态度给我留下了深刻印象,并成为激励我努力工作、 发奋图强的宝贵精神财富。在即将完成学业之际,谨向多年来在工作、学习和生 活方面给我以关心、帮助和指导的卞老师表示衷心的感谢。 中国矿业大学董霁红教授一直关心着我的工作和学习,并在德才两方面给我 以多多教诲,让我受益匪浅。从选题到野外考察，从室内实验到数据处理，以及 文章的每个细节，都离不开董老师悉心指导。董老师严谨细致、一丝不苟的作风 一直是我工作、学习中的榜样。在此向尊敬的董老师表示衷心的感谢。 国际山地中心吴宁研究员也在论文的完成中给予了指导和关心,在此表示感 谢，并表示崇高的敬意;感谢江苏师范大学郑元林教授、陆军副教授、中国驻美 国大使馆教育处位东老师、 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所廖晓勇副研究员在 提供实验场所和条件给予的帮助和支持。 在论文选题、场地实验、室内实验和论文写作过程中,得到了中国矿业大学 冯启言教授、刘汉湖教授、雷少刚副教授、闫庆武副教授、单爱琴副教授、裴宗 平教授、白向玉讲师、江苏师范大学的吴冬梅博士、张子峰博士、樊少华博士等 的指导和帮助,在此特表感谢。 在场地试验、实验室实验和论文写作中,刘振国、金丹、申艳琴、张鹏飞、 刘万利、赵东发与蒋冬梅等同门提供了帮助和支持,作者谨致谢忱; 最后再次感谢我的父母、 老师、 家人和朋友， 感谢你们在我困难时给我鼓励， 在失落时给我支持，感谢你们和我一路走来，让我在此过程中倍感温暖 博士 研究生生活即将结束，在此论文完成之际，再次向所有支持、关心和帮助我的老 师、同学、朋友和家人表示我最诚挚的谢意 程伟 2015 年 6 月 I 摘摘 要要 本文以我国华东地区采煤沉陷区复垦场地为研究对象，通过收集资料、场地 调查和室内分析相结合的方法系统分析了 煤矸石充填复垦土壤生物学特性时空 变化特征；煤矸石、粉煤灰及湖泊底泥三种物料对充填复垦土壤生物学特性的影 响；通过相关性分析揭示充填复垦场地土壤生物学指标与土壤物理、化学、重金 属含量之间的关系；利用激发效应机理，提出了加入小分子碳源、氮源改善充填 复垦土壤生物学指标的措施。主要研究结论如下 1 采煤沉陷区煤矸石充填复垦场地 0-20cm 和 20-40cm 土层土壤微生物数 量、微生物量碳含量、微生物量氮含量、微生物熵、土壤基础呼吸速率、β-葡 萄糖苷酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性和芳 基硫酸酯酶活性等生物学指标在复垦后呈增加趋势， 土壤微生物代谢熵呈降低趋 势。 2 分别采用全量数据集法和最小数据集法对煤矸石充填复垦土壤综合质量 指数SQI进行评价， 回归分析表明充填复垦土壤SQI值随复垦时间呈增加趋势， 充填复垦土壤质量演替方向为正向演替； 最小数据集法能代替全量数据集法对复 垦土壤质量进行评价。 3 湖泊底泥充填复垦土壤生物学指标值高于煤矸石复垦场地和粉煤灰复垦 场地土壤。湖泊底泥充填复垦土壤微生物数量、微生物量碳含量、微生物量氮含 量、土壤基础呼吸速率、微生物代谢熵、β-葡萄糖苷酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、 蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性等指标超过对照场地土壤，分别高出对照场地土壤 4、 11.5、43.1、1.2、39.8、5.2、9.9、3.7和 8.7。 4 基于全量数据集法和最小数据集法对煤矸石、粉煤灰与湖泊底泥充填复 垦土壤质量综合指数进行评价， 结果表明基于两种计算方法的 SQI 变化趋势一致。 复垦土壤 SQI 从高到低依次是湖泊底泥复垦土壤、 煤矸石复垦土壤与粉煤灰复垦 土壤， 两种方法评价结果差异较小， 通过最小数据集法计算的 SQI 结果能表征复 垦土壤质量情况。 5 煤矸石/粉煤灰抑制生长期内冬小麦的根长、 根生物量、 根系活力等指标。 与对照土壤相比， 煤矸石与粉煤灰降低了拔生长期内冬小麦根系分泌物产生速率 Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ。相关性分析表明冬小麦根系分泌物产生速率与根系活力成正相关。 复垦土壤中煤矸石与粉煤灰对土壤氮素转化速率、多酚氧化酶活性、脲酶活性有 抑制作用。相关性分析表明，复垦土壤氮素转化效率、土壤酶活性与冬小麦根系 分泌物产生速率成正相关。 II 6 小分子碳源和氮源能通过激发效应提高复垦土壤生物学指标。与对照土 壤相比，高浓度碳源10 mgg-1提高土壤微生物量碳含量 276.77 天和 184.430 天、微生物量氮量 129.87 天和 148.930 天、β-葡萄糖苷酶活 性 89.17天和 102.930 天、 酸性磷酸酶活性 164.47 天和 130.330天、 芳基硫酸酯酶活性 541.17 天和 317.630 天。 高碳低氮组 （10 mgg-1葡萄糖 和 1mgg-1硝酸铵）的对土壤生物学特性的激发作用也非常明显。复垦场地土壤 中可利用碳源含量是影响复垦土壤生物学指标的限制性因子， 碳源加入能迅速激 活土壤生物学活性。相对于单一碳源或氮源的加入，调整复垦场地土壤碳氮比例 要比单纯施肥更有利于复垦土壤生物学功能的恢复。 该论文有图 60 幅，表 38 个，参考文献 180 篇。 关键词关键词充填复垦场地；土壤生物学特性；采煤沉陷区；矿区生态恢复； III Abstract This study investigated the soil biological characteristics and variations in reclaimed sites. Our conducted the following studies in paper uate age chronosequence effects on soil biological indicators by spatial sequence instead of time-series; The effect of materials coal gangue, fly ash and lake sediment on Soil biological properties in reclaimed soil; Changes of biological characteristics in reclaimed soil responses to C and N supplementation through priming effect. The main results are as follows 1 The soil biological indicators in reclaimed soil 1-12 year were compared with adjacent undisturbed soil. The results show that soil microbial quantity, microbial carbon biomass MBC, microbial nitrogen biomassMBN, soil respiration, β-glucosidase activities, acid phosphatase activities, urease activities, catalase activities and arylsulphatase activities were the lowest in the youngest 1 year site and increased with increasing age to the oldest 12-year site. The microbial metabolic quotient was decreased with increasing reclaimed age. 2 Reclaimed soil quality were calculated and selected uationsoil quality indicators based on correlation analysis and principal component analysis. We chose TDS and MDS as soil quality uation during filling restoration in mining region. Contrasting analysis two way of SQI calculation which based on the 11 soil quality inds and the 23 soil quality factors, we found that both of them had same change trend with restoration year. It tested and verified that the 11 soil quality uation inds were highly representative and practicability. 3 The soil biological index in lake sediment reclaimed soil were significantly higher than coal gangue reclaimed soil and fly ash reclaimed soil. The index of soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, MBC, MBN, soil respiration, microbial metabolic quotient, β-glucosidase activities, acid phosphatase activities, catalase activities, urease activities in lake sediment site were 4 , 49.6, 11.5, 43.1, 1.2, 39.8, 5.2, 9.9, 3.7 and 8.7 higher than those in control soil. 4Reclaimed soil quality were calculated and selected uation soil quality indicators based on correlation analysis and principal component analysis. We chose TDS and MDS as soil quality uation in reclaimed soil. The SQI rankings in four sites as follows control soil lake sediment reclaimed soil coal gangue fly ash reclaimed soil. Contrasting analysis two way of SQI calculation which based on IV the 11 soil quality inds and the 23 soil quality factors, we found that the 11 soil quality uation inds were highly representative and practicability. 5The coal gangue and fly ash suppressed thegrowth characteristics of winter wheat root length, root biomass root vigor, root to shoot ratioin jointing stage, flowering stage, mature stage in reclaimed sites. Compared with the control site, coal gangue and fly ash decreasedproduction rateof winter wheat root exudatesⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ during wheat growing season. These increases in production rate of root exudates were positively correlated with the root activity in reclaimed soil.In addition, we show that the soil exposed to coal gangue and fly ash decreased their soil nitrogen transation rates, polyphenol oxidase activity and urease activity in the reclaimed sites. The altered physiologicaltraits of the roots exposed to coal gangue and fly ash could be responsible for this variation in reclaimed soil. 6 Microbial biomass, enzyme activities and respiration rate were significantly increased in all the experimental additions of carbon compared with the control soil. Add glucose 10 mg g-1 to improve soil microbial carbon content of 276.7 7 days and 184.4 30 days, microbial nitrogen 129.8 7 days and 148.9, β- glucosidase activity 89.1 7 days and 102.9 30 days, acid phosphatase activity 164.4 7 days and 130.3 30 days, aryl esterase activity 541.1 7 days and 317.6 30 days. The study show that supplementation in simple C6H12O6 and complex s glucose and NH4NO3 can increase the biological characteristics of reclaimed soil. There are 60 figures, 38 tables and 180 References in this dissertation. Keywords Reclaimed sites; Soil biological characteristics; Mining subsidence area; Mine ecological restoration. V Abstract detailed Mining has disturbed soil approximately 156104hm2 in the China. Coal mining subsidence area has disturbed large farmland in eastern China. As china government and coal orerators are moving toward restoring soil structure and functionin coal mining subsidence area, techniques are being developed and tested to increase crop survival and growth to ensure disturbed land is converted back to farmland in a timely fashion. To aid in successful soil reclaimation, the government, coal orerators and scientist adopted reclamation techniques called the farmlandreclamation. Approach which provides recommendations on substrate selection, grading, ground covers, crop species selection, and proper management strategy. This paper was was implemented to provide additional scientific data on the implementation of these techniques especially related to age chronosequence, substrate selection and priming effects. Studies were conducted at coal mining subsidence area in Shan Dong province and Jiang Su province, eastern China. Both of these sites have been well mined for coal and reclaimed using farmland in coal mining subsidence area. Boths of these research plots have been underground mined for coal and reclaimed using mineral-processing wastescoal gangue, fly ash and lake sediment. Following guidelines, research plots were constructed at 1997-2010 coal gangue and 1998 fly ash. At first, research plots at the samples mine had treatments with mine waster coal gangue or fly ash, and compaction. The second, research plots had treatments with substrate brown soil, depth of substrate 0.5-0.6m, and compaction, while sites at lake sediment had treatment of substrate Wei Shan Lake sediment. After final construction of the plots, the wheat or rice was planted at both sites. Soil biological properties including microbial populations, microbialbiomass, respiration rate of soil microorganism, soil enzyme activities in the reclaimed soil are very important to soil fertility and plant growth. The reestablishment of soil ecosystem in the reclaimed soil may be of particular importance in the revegetation and stabilization of drastically disturbed areas in coal mining subsidence area, as the Soil biological properties is often responsible for the modification of adverse soil properties.Also, interactions between biotic and abioticfactors during the early stages of reclaimed soil communities development may affect the rate of ecological restoration.However, minimal research has been conducted on biological properties and relation factors at reclaimed soil.The objectives of this research were to VI assessbiological properties of reclaimed soils including age chronosequence, difference substrate and priming effects, and try find the major impact factors of reclaimed soil in in coal mining subsidence area. This dissertation comprised 6 chaptersChapter 1 presented the background, topic selectiong, significanice, research contents, reviewed and research scheme of the whole work.Chapter 2 introduction general situation of sesearch sreas analysis s. In Chapter 3, six research sites, consisting of chronosequence of 1-12 years were studied in coal mining subsidence area. The soil biological properties and associated factors including physical and chemical along age chronosequence have been thoroughly researched in reclaimed soil.Relationships between soil soil biological properties and physical and chemical properties have been established for reclaimed soil. In Chapter 4, three research sites had established in coal mining subsidence area. The study incorporated the influence of backfilling substratecoal gangue, fly ash, lake sediment in reclaimed soil. Reclaimation efforts often “jump-start” succession to restore coal mining subsidence land and biological features to their er state. In Chapter 5, the priming effect had researched in reclaimed sites. The study incorporated the influence of backfilling substrate coal gangue, fly ash or lake sediment and molecule carbon and nitrogenin reclaimed soil. Moreover, the paper has shown the possibility to enhance many of the soil biological properties through carbon and nitrogen supplementation.We have determined the biological characteristicsof reclaimed soil, includingthe microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen,β-glucosidase activities, acid phosphatase activities, catalase activities and arylsufatase activities and the rates of respiration CO2 production and so on. In Chapter 6, the primary conclusions were made as follows 1 In general, most of the biological characteristics in reclaimed soil showed increased along age chronosequence. The data analysis show SOM, total nitrogen, soil moister had contributed to soil biological characteristics in reclaimed soil. However, the pH, soil bulk, soil compaction appears to be a confounding variable, at least for relatively recently reclaimed sites. In both, the young and old reclaimed soil, the content of heavy metal was lower content than the control soil. VII 2 The field samples were collected from reclaimed soil by backfilling with coal gangue, fly ash, lake sediment and used to estimate the biological characteristics. There are significant differences between lake sediment and coal waster, fly ash. The microbial number, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and soil enzyme activities in reclaimed soil by lake sediment had highter than reclaimed soil by fly ash and coal waster. The study suggests that lake sediment are capable for used to reclaimed mine area. 3 Coal gangue and fly ash suppressed transations of the soil nitrogen through inhibit priming effect in reclaimed soil. The addition of molecule carbon and nitrogen provides leading to larger biological responses.and promoting positive succession in reclaimed soil. 4 The responses including microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and enzymatic activities in reclaimed soil to C and N supplementation were investigated. In our study, the approach is based on single or combination of different substances in different treatments and identical transation of substances including C6H12O6 and NH4NO3. Addition of C6H12O6 lead to a significant increased of all soil biological characteristics both two phases 7day and 30 day, but either unchanged or diminished by addition of higher N only or higher N with only small C. This suggests that in the presence of a large amount of N, the C supply for biological characteristics was limited. In summary, the results indicate Soil biological indicators were increased with age chronosequence, SQI and the succession towards the positive situation in reclaimed soil; Soil biological indicators and SQI in reclaimed soil by lake sediment were higher than those in reclaimed soil by filling back coal gangue or fly ash. Wei-shan lake sediment is more suitable used for land reclamation;The result showed that ad