信息检索与文献阅读.ppt

信息检索与文献阅读（化学0701-0702）,2009年10月29日,第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）第三部分信息检索（16学时）,第一章作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第二章原子、分子和离子第三章气态第四章热化学第五章有机化合物和基团的命名第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学化学术语,第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）,第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）,第一章松香酸度的标准测试方法第二章Ⅲ－Ⅴ族半导体制备的新方法InP纳米晶的超声化学合成第三章分子离子材料的计算机模拟第四章透射Laue法的X射线衍射第五章销售合同第六章专利说明书,第三部分信息检索（16学时）,第一章信息检索基础第二章超星图书馆第三章中国期刊网第四章维普第五章工程索引（Ei）第六章美国化学文摘（CA）第七章专利,教材和参考书1、魏高原，化学专业基础英语知识（I）（IntroductoryChemistrySpecialityEnglish），北京大学出版社，2004。2、ReadingMaterials自编讲义。3、陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，2005。4、万锡仁，InationRetriandRelatedReadingMaterials，（待出版）。5、[美]PhilipBall著，魏高原等注释，化学专业基础英语（II），北京大学出版社，2001。,Chapter6Inorganicchemical,organicchemical,physicalchemical,analyticalchemical,andbiochemicalterms,,第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语,2、有机化学术语,课堂教学内容安排,第一节课教学要求说明词汇预习课文阅读理解第二节课课文阅读理解（续）答疑布置课后作业词汇和短文翻译（书面练习）,一、教学要求掌握常用的有机化学的化学术语和概念；化学专业文献的阅读和理解。熟悉有机化学（中文）了解高等有机化学,organicchemicalterm有机化学术语hydrocarbon碳氢化合物,烃saturatedhydrocarbon饱和烃covalentbond共价键straightorbranchedcarbonchain直碳链或带支链的碳链alkane烷烃cycloalkane环烷烃,二、词汇（NewWordsandExpressions）,organicchemicaltermhydrocarbonsaturatedhydrocarboncovalentbondstraightorbranchedcarbonchainalkanecycloalkane,isomerism异构alkylgroup烃基unsaturatedhydrocarbon不饱和烃doublebond双键triplebond三键cis-transisomerism顺反异构delocalizedbonding离域成键,isomerismalkylgroupunsaturatedhydrocarbondoublebondtriplebondcis-transisomerismdelocalizedbonding,benzene苯aromaticring芳香环aliphatic脂肪族的,无环的theInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry,IUPAC国际理论和应用化学协会plane-polarizedlight平面偏振光opticalisomer光学异构体,benzenearomaticringaliphatictheInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry,IUPACplane-polarizedlightopticalisomer,enantiomer对映结构体asymmetricmolecule不对称分子chirality手性levorotatory左旋的dextrorotatory右旋性的racemic外消旋的reactivity（reaction，react）反应性（反应（名词），反应（动词））,enantiomerasymmetricmoleculechiralityLevorotatoryDextrorotatoryracemicreactivity（reaction，react）,halogenatom卤原子halogenation，卤化substitutionreaction取代反应combustion燃烧fossilfuel化石燃料component成分，组成的,构成的recover回收petroleum石油manufacture制造,加工,halogenatomhalogenationsubstitutionreactioncombustionfossilfuelcomponentrecoverpetroleummanufacture,plastics塑料rubber橡胶distillation蒸馏,蒸馏法fraction馏分,分馏物gasoline汽油,plasticsrubberdistillationfractiongasoline,modify改性isomerization异构化作用cracking裂化,破裂alkylation烷化,烃化reing重整coal煤,加煤coke焦炭coaltar焦油,modifyisomerizationcrackingalkylationreingcoalcokecoaltar,synfuel合成燃料fuel燃料synthesis合成biomass生物质extract提取,萃取oil-bearing含有石油的shale页岩,synfuelfuelsynthesisbiomassextractoil-bearingshale,substitute替代品naturalgas天然气Lurgiprocess鲁奇加压煤气化法的过程steam蒸汽,水汽,substitutenaturalgasLurgiprocesssteam,catalyze催化动词catalysis催化作用（名词）catalyst催化剂（名词）concept概念functionalgroup官能团impart赋予characteristicproperty特性,catalyzecatalysiscatalystconceptfunctionalgroupimpartcharacteristicproperty,electrophile亲电子试剂nucleophile亲核试剂electro-richatomorgroup富电子原子或基团electron-deficientatom缺电子原子electron-pooratomorgroup缺电子原子或基团,electrophilenucleophileelectro-richatomorgroupelectron-deficientatomelectron-pooratomorgroup,三、课文的阅读理解,学生阅读课文510分钟，教师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻译成中文，教师及时评讲。,Chapter9OrganicChemicalTerms,9.1Hydrocarbons,Allorganiccompoundscanberegardedasbasedonthestructuresofhydrocarbons.Saturatedhydrocarbonscontainonlysinglecovalentbonds;theymayconsistofstraightorbranchedcarbonchainsalkanesorringscycloalkanes.,Allhydrocarbonswithmorethanthreecarbonatomsexhibitstructuralisomerism.Groupscontainingonelesshydrogenatomthananalkanearecalledalkylgroups.Un-saturatedhydrocarbonsarethosecontainingdoublebondsalkenesortriplebondsalkynes.,Rotationoftwocarbonatomsjoinedbyadoublebondisinhibitedbythebond,andcarbonatomsinringsaresimilarlyunabletorotate.Inbothcases,cis-transisomerismisthereforepossible.,Acarbon-carbondoublebondcreatesaplanarregioninamolecule.Compoundsthatcontainconjugateddoublebondsthatalternatewithsinglebondsareoftencolored修饰.,Aromatichydrocarbonsareunsaturatedcompoundswithplanarringsystemsstabilizedbydelocalizedbonding,asinbenzene.,Hydrocarbonsthatdonotcontainaromaticringsaretermedaliphatic脂肪族的.Thepreferredsystemofnomenclaturefororganiccompoundsisthatulated制定bytheInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry,IUPAC.,Pairsofmoleculeswiththesamemolecularulathatrotateplane-polarizedlightinoppositedirectionsarecalledopticalisomersorenantiomers.对映体Theyaremirrorimagesofoneanotherandareusuallyverysimilarintheirproperties,andsoaredifficulttoseperate.,Opticalisomersmayarisewhenfourdifferentgroupsarebondedtoonecarbonatom,producinganasymmetricmolecule.Thepropertyofhavingopticalisomersiscalledchirality.,Amixtureofequalpartsofthelevorotatory左旋的anddextrorotatory右旋性的isomersofasubstance--aracemic外消旋的mixture--causesnonetrotationofpolarizedlight.,Thereactivityofsaturatedhydrocarbonsisgenerallylow,althoughhydrogenatomsarereadilyreplacedbyhalogenatomshalogenation.,Doublebondsorpolarbondsprovidesiteswherereactionismorelikelytooccur.Unsaturatedhydrocarbonsreadilyundergoadditionreactions;aromaticcompoundstendtoundergosubstitutionreactions.,9.2HydrocarbonsandEnergy,Thecombustion燃烧offossilfuels,whichcontaincarbonandhydrocarbons,isourprimarysourceofenergy.Naturalgasisamixtureofsubstances,withmethanethechiefcomponent;itisrecovered回收fromoilwellsandisolated单独的naturalgaswells.Petroleumislargelyamixtureofhydrocarbonsofvarioustypes.,Ninetypercentofallpetroleumisburnedforenergyandtenpercentisusedinthemanufactureofindustrialorganicchemicals,includingplasticsandrubber.Distillationisusedtoseperatecrudepetroleumintofractionsofdifferentboilingpointsandmolecularmasses.,Intheproductionofgasolineorotherusefulsubstances,thesecomponentsaremodifed改性invariouswaysbyisomerization,cracking,alkylation,andreing.Coalcontainscarbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,oxygen,andsulfurinvaryingproportions.,Coke焦炭ismadebyheatingcoalintheabsenceofair,aprocessthatalsoyieldsammoniaandcoaltar焦油,fromwhichotherimportantorganiccompoundscanbeobtained.Synfuels合成燃料arehydrocarbonfuelsobtainedbychemicalsynthesisorfromnaturalsourcesbynovels.,Theyincludeliquidfuelmadefromcoal,alcoholderivedfrombiomass生物质,hydrocarbonsextractedfromoil-bearing含有石油的shale页岩,substitutenaturalgasderivedfromcoal,andmethaneproducedbyreactionofhydrogenwithCOandCO2.,IntheLurgi鲁奇加压煤气化法的process,coalreactswithsteamandoxygentoproduceagasconsistingofhydrogen,methane,carbonmonoxide,andcarbondioxide.InFischer-Tropsch费歇尔-特罗普斯synthesis,varioushydrocarbonscanbeproducedbythecatalyzedreactionofhydrogenwithcarbonmonoxide.,9.3SomeIntroductoryConcepts,Afunctionalgroupisachemicallyreactiveatomorgroupofatomsthatimparts赋予characteristicpropertiestothefamilyoforganiccompoundscontainingit.Thesiteofreactioninanorganicmoleculeisoftenafunctionalgroup,amultiplecovalentbond,orapolarsinglebond.,Anelectron-pooratomorgroupthatwillbondwithanatomthathasanavailableelectronpairiscalledanelectrophile亲电子试剂.Anelectro-richatomorgroupthatwillbondwithanelectron-deficientatomiscalledanucleophile亲核试剂.,四、答疑,一般情况下，争对学生提出的问题进行个别答疑。,1.TranslatethetechnicaltermsinthetextintoChinesebyreferringtorelevantdictionaries.2.TranslatethistextintoChinese.,五、课后作业,六、课堂练习,1、词汇翻译,,,thermochemistryenergychemicalreactionchemicalbondtransationsystemsurroundingexothermicendothermic,,,,internalenergyphasechangeenergy,heat,andworkfirstlawofthermodynamicslawofconservationofenergymathematicallyenthalpyHEpVdoofworkonheatofreaction,,,,enthalpychangeatmosphericreleasedamountofheatabsorbedbalancedequationstandardstatestandardenthalpychangeheatofationheatofcombustion,,,,moststablereversereactionproportionatelythermochemicalequationmanipulatealgebraicallychangeofstatemeltingfreezingevaporationcondensation,Anantibioticisasubstanceproducedbyamicroorganismcapableofdestroyingorinhibitnigthegrowthofothermicroorganisms.Theproductionofsuchsubstancesisoneofthemeansusedbymicroorganismstocompetewithothermicroorganismsforsurvivalintheirhighlycompetitiveenvironment.PenicillinGwasthefirstantibiotic.,Chemistswereabletoextractfromthemicroorganismwhichproduceditandtouseonalargescaleagainstothermicroorganisms.,（以课文为准）,,,热化学能量化学反应化学键热力学转变体系环境放出热量的吸热性的,,,,内能相变能量，热和功热力学第一定律能量守恒定律数学（上）地焓对做功反应热,,,,焓变大气的,大气压的释放热量吸收的平衡的方程标准态标准焓变生成热燃烧热,,,,最稳定的逆反应正比地热化学方程操作,使用代数学上地状态变化熔化凝固蒸发冷凝,,,,,熔化蒸发，汽化solidliquidgas结晶冷凝升华solid固体gas气体沉积,,,,,,,,,,量热热容比热摩尔热容量热法量热计溶解（名词）,07Valuesofmolarmasscalculatedusingtheidealgaslawaregoodonlytotheextentthatthegasbe-havesasanidealgas.However,allrealgasesapproachidealgasbehavioratverylowpressures,soacommontechniqueforobtainingveryaccuratemolarmassesistomeasurethedensityofagasatvariouslowpressures,,2、将下题翻译成中文，并思考有关问题,calculated/pfromthedata,plotd/pagainstp,extrapolatethecurvetop0tofindtheintercept,andcalculatethemolarmass,M,usingM--interceptRTwhereR0.0820568L.atm/K.mol.FindthemolarmassforSO2fromthefollowingdataat0℃pinatm0.10.0110.0010.0001d/ping/L.atm2.8649742.8588002.8581832.858121Assumethatthetemperatureandpressuruesareexact.,Thisreviewdescribesrecentadvancesandresultsachievedinthecomputermodellingofmolecularionicmaterials.Thesematerialsofferparticularchallengesinmodellingbecausebothionicandcovalentinteractionscontributetotheirinteratomicforces,andbotharethereforeresponsiblefortheirproperties.,2、将下列短文翻译成中文,Ionicmaterialshavebeenextensivelystudied,ashavemolecularsolids,andinmodelingmolecularionicmaterialssometechniquesfrombothoftheseareborrowedandused.,3、用英文回答下列问题,1Allhydrocarbonswithmorethanthreecarbonatomsexhibitstructuralisomerism.Pleasegivetwoexamples.2Groupscontainingonelesshydrogenatomthananalkanearecalledalkylgroups.Pleasegivetwoexamples.,3Thecis-transisomerismispossibleifthereisadoublebondoraringinamolecule.Why4Whatisthefullnameof“IUPAC”5Whatisaasymmetricmolecule,ThankYou,