充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用.pdf

充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of fill mining technology in underground iron ore mines 刘育明 刘育明 Liu Yuming Liu Yuming 中国恩菲工程技术有限公司中国恩菲工程技术有限公司 China ENFI Engineering Corp. 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 1 概述1 概述 1. Introduction ●●铁矿资源对整个国民经济影响极大，在未来一、二十年我国对钢铁需求必将很 大。 铁矿资源对整个国民经济影响极大，在未来一、二十年我国对钢铁需求必将很 大。 The iron mineral resource rts a great impact on the whole national economy. A great demand on the iron and steel will be bound to occur in the coming ten or twenty years. ●●新中国成立以来，国内钢铁工业发生了翻天覆地的变化。我国钢产量新中国成立以来，国内钢铁工业发生了翻天覆地的变化。我国钢产量1949年只 有 年只 有15.8万万t，，1985年年4679万万t，，1996年超过年超过1亿亿t，，2000年年1.28亿亿t，，2003年年2.22亿亿 t，，2006年年4.18亿亿t。。 Since the establishment of New China, an earth-shaking change has taken place in the domestic iron and steel industry. The China’s steel output was in 1949 was 158,000t only, 46.75Mt in 1985 , that in 1996 exceeded 100 Mt, 128Mt In 2000, 222 Mt In 2003, 418Mt in 2006. 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines ●●国内铁矿资源的供给存在较大缺口，铁矿资源对外依存度非常高。国内铁矿资源的供给存在较大缺口，铁矿资源对外依存度非常高。 A great deficiency of supply in iron ore resource in China and a high dependence on foreign iron ore resources. 根据有关人士的预测，根据有关人士的预测，2010年钢需求量预测值为年钢需求量预测值为4.80亿亿t，，2015年钢需求量预测值 为 年钢需求量预测值 为6.58亿亿t。预计。预计2010年、年、2015年我国对国际市场铁矿石年我国对国际市场铁矿石折合成铁品位折合成铁品位64的铁精 粉 的铁精 粉的需求量分别为的需求量分别为3.44亿亿t、、5.38亿亿t。。2005年我国铁矿石自给率仅为年我国铁矿石自给率仅为42左右。左右。 According to the prediction by personage concerned, the China’s steel demand will be 480 Mt in 2010 and 658 Mt in 2015. And the China’s demand on ion ore converted into iron ore concentrate at 64Fe in the world markets in 2010 and 2015 will be 344 Mt and 538 Mt respectively. The degree of self-sufficiency in iron ore in China was only about 42 in 2005. 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines ●●开采难采矿床的必要性开采难采矿床的必要性 The necessaries of exploiting the difficult-to-mine deposit 难采矿床较多难采矿床较多 There are numerous difficult-to-mine iron ore deposits 据国土资源部资料，据国土资源部资料，2000年我国储量套改后，全国铁矿石资源年我国储量套改后，全国铁矿石资源/储量储量576.62亿亿t, 基础储量基础储量212. 38亿亿t，资源量，资源量364.23亿亿t。其中难以利用的矿区。其中难以利用的矿区550个，占已查明资源 量的 个，占已查明资源 量的23.74。。 According to the ination from the Ministry of Land and Resource, the iron ore resource/reserves of the whole country is 57662Mt as estimated after modification of reserve calculation in 2000, including 21238Mt as basic reserves and 36423Mt as resource. The deposits that are difficult to be utilized are 550, accounting for 23.74 of the measured resource. 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 中国铁矿资源以贫矿为主，富矿少。中国铁矿资源以贫矿为主，富矿少。 The iron ore resource in China is dominated by lean ore and less in rich ore. 全国铁矿平均品位为全国铁矿平均品位为33，低于世界平均水平，低于世界平均水平11个百分点。个百分点。 The average grade of iron ore in the whole nation is 33, about eleven percentage points lower than that of the world average. 作为一个发展中的大国，保障铁矿资源供给必须立足国内，完全或大部分依赖国 外既不科学也不现实，更难以保证国家经济安全。因此解决难采矿床的开采，充分利 用有限的矿石资源对填补资源缺口是非常重要的。 作为一个发展中的大国，保障铁矿资源供给必须立足国内，完全或大部分依赖国 外既不科学也不现实，更难以保证国家经济安全。因此解决难采矿床的开采，充分利 用有限的矿石资源对填补资源缺口是非常重要的。 Being a great developing country , to ensure supply of iron ore must be based on domestic resource. It is not scientific or impractical to rely totally or mostly on foreign resources, which may be hard to ensure safety in the national economy. Therefore, it is of vital importance for making up the deficiency of iron mineral resource by solving the problems about extracting of the difficult-to-mine deposits and making full use of the limited ore resources. 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 2 地下铁矿难采矿床面临的技术难题2 地下铁矿难采矿床面临的技术难题 2. Technical difficulties faced by difficult-to-mine deposits of underground iron ore mines （（1）大水矿床的安全开采）大水矿床的安全开采 Safe mining in water-rich deposits 这种矿床主要是处于地表水体之下，如河流、水库等，存在断层构造等导水通 道，矿体或围岩中存在富含水层，如果采用常规的崩落法或空场法回采，势必会导 致矿床顶板的崩落、地表塌陷，井下水大量涌入采场和坑道，出现突水，使矿床难 以开采。 这种矿床主要是处于地表水体之下，如河流、水库等，存在断层构造等导水通 道，矿体或围岩中存在富含水层，如果采用常规的崩落法或空场法回采，势必会导 致矿床顶板的崩落、地表塌陷，井下水大量涌入采场和坑道，出现突水，使矿床难 以开采。 This type of deposits occurs mainly beneath the surface water body, such as rivers and water reservoirs, where water flow channels, like faults, exist and productive aquifers occur in orebody or wall rock. The conventional caving or open stoping , if adopted, will inevitably lead to caving of the orebody roof, surface subsidence, inrushing of ground water into stopes and drifts or water irruption, thus it is difficult to mine the deposits. 类似的矿山有马钢集团姑山矿业公司的白象山铁矿、山东淄博市的高阳铁矿和 安徽霍邱草楼铁矿等。 类似的矿山有马钢集团姑山矿业公司的白象山铁矿、山东淄博市的高阳铁矿和 安徽霍邱草楼铁矿等。 This kind of mines includes Baixiangshan Iron Ore Mine of Gushan Mining Corporation of Ma’anshan Iron cut-and-fill stoping ●●上向进路式胶结或非胶结的充填法上向进路式胶结或非胶结的充填法; overhand consolidated or non- consolidated drift cut-and-fill stoping, ●●上向点柱式分层充填法上向点柱式分层充填法; cut-and-fill stoping with post pillars ●●上向分段充填法上向分段充填法; sublevel cut-and-fill 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines ●●下向分层进路式胶结充填法下向分层进路式胶结充填法; Consolidated drift undercut-and-fill ●●下向分段充填法下向分段充填法; Sublevel undercut-and-fill ●●分段空场（或留矿）嗣后充填法分段空场（或留矿）嗣后充填法; Sublevel stoping or shrinkage with backfilling ●●大直径深孔空场嗣后充填法大直径深孔空场嗣后充填法; Big-hole stoping with backfilling ●●房柱开采嗣后充填法等。房柱开采嗣后充填法等。 Room-and-pillar stoping with backfilling 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 在充填工艺上在充填工艺上By filling process, ●●目前传统的自流输送仍然占主导地位。目前传统的自流输送仍然占主导地位。 The conventional gravity delivery still occupies the lead position at present. ●●膏体泵送工艺也已逐步推广，如金川的二矿区、云南的会泽铅锌矿等 采用了膏体泵送工艺。 膏体泵送工艺也已逐步推广，如金川的二矿区、云南的会泽铅锌矿等 采用了膏体泵送工艺。 The paste pumping process has been spread gradually, for example, it has been adopted by No. 2 Mine Area of Jinchuan Group Limited Corporation and Huize Lead and Zinc Mine of Yunnan Province, etc.. ●●立式砂仓放出高浓度砂浆也取得了较大的进步，如中国恩菲工程技术 有限公司研发的立式砂仓放砂工艺使砂仓放砂浓度达到 立式砂仓放出高浓度砂浆也取得了较大的进步，如中国恩菲工程技术 有限公司研发的立式砂仓放砂工艺使砂仓放砂浓度达到78～～82。。 Considerable advance has been made in discharging high-density slurry by vertical tailing bin, for instance, the density of tailings slurry discharged by vertical bin system developed by China ENFI Engineering Corporation is as high as 7882. 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 冬瓜山铜矿充填搅拌站冬瓜山铜矿充填搅拌站 The backfill mixing station of Dongguashan Copper Mine 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 在充填法矿山，采矿成本除了和生产规模、机械化程度有关以外，主要 还与充填有关。 在充填法矿山，采矿成本除了和生产规模、机械化程度有关以外，主要 还与充填有关。降低采矿成本需要降低充填成本，而降低充填成本关键是减 少水泥消耗量。 降低采矿成本需要降低充填成本，而降低充填成本关键是减 少水泥消耗量。可视矿体条件、矿石价值等考虑胶面，矿房采用低灰砂比胶 结或全部不胶结，如河东金矿的上向侧伏进路尾砂充填连续采矿法。此外， 还可以采用廉价的替代水泥的其它胶凝材料。 可视矿体条件、矿石价值等考虑胶面，矿房采用低灰砂比胶 结或全部不胶结，如河东金矿的上向侧伏进路尾砂充填连续采矿法。此外， 还可以采用廉价的替代水泥的其它胶凝材料。 In the mines with fill mining , besides the production capacity and mechanization level, the mining cost is mainly related to the backfilling. To reduce mining cost, it is necessary to cut-down the backfilling cost. And the key to reducing the backfilling cost is to reduce cement consumption. The consolidation can be considered depending upon the orebody conditions and ore value, the room can be consolidated with low cement sand ratio or not be consolidated at all, such as continuous pitching drift cut-and-fill with tailings used in Hedong Gold Mine. In addition, it is possible to use other cheap cementing material as substitution for cement. 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 在经济上，充填虽然增加了充填系统的投资费用和生产经营费用，但减 少了尾矿库的建设费用、土地征购费、搬迁费、补偿费，减少了井下排水费 用，提高了矿石的回收率，降低了贫化率，加上充填时不加水泥或少水泥充 填来降低水泥消耗，因而综合经济效益可与崩落法和空场法媲美，同时矿山 的环境效益和社会效益是毋庸置疑的。环境保护要求的提高和土地使用的稀 贵，将转变铁矿不敢采用充填法的观念。 在经济上，充填虽然增加了充填系统的投资费用和生产经营费用，但减 少了尾矿库的建设费用、土地征购费、搬迁费、补偿费，减少了井下排水费 用，提高了矿石的回收率，降低了贫化率，加上充填时不加水泥或少水泥充 填来降低水泥消耗，因而综合经济效益可与崩落法和空场法媲美，同时矿山 的环境效益和社会效益是毋庸置疑的。环境保护要求的提高和土地使用的稀 贵，将转变铁矿不敢采用充填法的观念。 Economically, by adopting the fill mining , though capital cost for the backfilling system and operating cost will be added, yet it is possible to reduce the costs for tailings pond establishment, land requisition, relocation, compensation, and underground water drainage, to improve ore recovery and to reduce dilution rate. Furthermore, cement consumption will be reduced as no or less cement will be used for backfilling. Therefore its overall economic benefit can compare favorably with that of caving and open stoping . In addition, the mine environmental and social benefits will not be open to doubt. More strict environmental protection regulations and costly scarce land will change such modes of thought of not daring to adopt the fill mining in iron ore mines. 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 考虑铁矿石价值相对较低，难采铁矿开采中更具应用前景的充填采矿法 有 考虑铁矿石价值相对较低，难采铁矿开采中更具应用前景的充填采矿法 有 In view of relatively low value of iron ore, the following fill mining s are more promising for coping with difficult-to-mine iron ore deposits ●●上向分层充填法；上向分层充填法； Cut-and-fill stoping ●●上向进路式非胶结的充填法；上向进路式非胶结的充填法； Overhand non-consolidated drift cut-and fill stoping ●●上向点柱式分层充填法；上向点柱式分层充填法； Cut-and-fill stoping with post pillars ●●分段空场（或留矿）嗣后充填法；分段空场（或留矿）嗣后充填法； Sublevel stoping or shrinkage with backfilling ●●大直径深孔空场嗣后充填法（矿房胶结，矿柱不胶结）大直径深孔空场嗣后充填法（矿房胶结，矿柱不胶结） Big-hole stoping with backfilling with room consolidated and next one unconsolidated ●●房柱开采嗣后充填法。房柱开采嗣后充填法。 Room-and-pillar stoping with backfilling 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 为了减少胶结比例，原则上可采用留矿柱的方法来取代胶结部分。为提 高采矿强度和采场生产能力，应尽量采用空场采矿嗣后充填的采矿法。 为了减少胶结比例，原则上可采用留矿柱的方法来取代胶结部分。为提 高采矿强度和采场生产能力，应尽量采用空场采矿嗣后充填的采矿法。 In order to reduce consolidation ratio, principally, ore pillar can be left to replace the part to be consolidated. To improve mining intensity and stope capacity, the open stoping with backfilling afterwards should be used as more as possible. 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 根据矿床的开采技术条件根据矿床的开采技术条件 白象山铁矿选择了机械化盘区点柱式上向分层充填法，设计生产能力 为 白象山铁矿选择了机械化盘区点柱式上向分层充填法，设计生产能力 为200万万t/a；； 会宝岭铁矿选择了沿走向布置采场且留矿柱的分段空场嗣后充填法和 浅孔留矿嗣后充填法，采用尾砂嗣后充填采空区 会宝岭铁矿选择了沿走向布置采场且留矿柱的分段空场嗣后充填法和 浅孔留矿嗣后充填法，采用尾砂嗣后充填采空区, 设计生产能力为设计生产能力为200万万 t/a 。。 According to the mining conditions of the deposits and the feature of thick orebody, the mechanized panel cut-and-fill stoping with post pillars is used for Baixiangshan iron deposit with a designed ore production scale of 2Mt/a. And in Huibaoling Iron Ore Mine, sublevel open stoping with backfilling and short- hole shrinkage with backfilling are adopted with a designed ore production scale of 3Mt/a, and stopes are arranged along the strike and pillars left between two stopes, all mined-out areas are backfilled with tailings. 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 充填法的生产能力也是核心问题之一。铁矿生产规模一般较大，为了 提高充填法的采场生产能力，可以通过采用大型无轨设备来实现。如金川 下向进路充填法采用全液压双机凿岩台车和 充填法的生产能力也是核心问题之一。铁矿生产规模一般较大，为了 提高充填法的采场生产能力，可以通过采用大型无轨设备来实现。如金川 下向进路充填法采用全液压双机凿岩台车和6m3铲运机，盘区生产能力达 到 铲运机，盘区生产能力达 到800～～1000t/d，实现了高效率作业。，实现了高效率作业。 The capacity of the fill mining may also be one of key problems. Generally, the iron ore mines need to have high production capacity. For this purpose, large trackless equipment can be used in the mine using fill mining. For instance, the electric hydraulic twin-drill jumbo and 6m3 LHD are used for Jinchcuan Nickel mine using consolidated drift undercut-and-fill , where the panel capacity is as high as 8001000t/d. So, fill mining is also a high-efficiency mining . 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 4 国内充填法开采铁矿的效果国内充填法开采铁矿的效果 4. Effects from mining iron ore mines using fill mining in China 山东莱钢集团莱芜矿业有限公司自上世纪山东莱钢集团莱芜矿业有限公司自上世纪90年代初研究并应用充填采 矿法。下属的业庄铁矿采用莱矿分段崩矿阶段空场嗣后胶结充填法和上向水 平分层点柱充填采矿法，形成了年产原矿达 年代初研究并应用充填采 矿法。下属的业庄铁矿采用莱矿分段崩矿阶段空场嗣后胶结充填法和上向水 平分层点柱充填采矿法，形成了年产原矿达15万万t的生产规模，矿石回采率 提高到 的生产规模，矿石回采率 提高到90％以上。避免了地表塌陷，节约了征地费用。矿山基本实现了％以上。避免了地表塌陷，节约了征地费用。矿山基本实现了“零 废石 零 废石”排放目标。排放目标。 Laiwu Mining Co., Ltd. of Shagdong Laiwu Iron moreover, the environmental protection and social benefits generated by fill mining is much better compared with sublevel caving. 在国内部分铁矿山，由于对充填法了解相对较少，担心使用充填法的 开采成本高，或担心工艺复杂，往往不愿意使用充填法，在采用崩落法后 给生产带来了很多难题，经济效益并不好。 在国内部分铁矿山，由于对充填法了解相对较少，担心使用充填法的 开采成本高，或担心工艺复杂，往往不愿意使用充填法，在采用崩落法后 给生产带来了很多难题，经济效益并不好。 Some domestic iron ore mines are unwilling to use fill mining because they know relatively little about the fill mining and worry about its high cost and complicated process. Consequently, they have achieved not so good economic benefit due to numerous difficult problems arising from adoption of sublevel caving . 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 从综合经济效益考虑，采用充填法开采的经济效益比采用无底柱崩落 法的经济效益不仅不会差，甚至更好 从综合经济效益考虑，采用充填法开采的经济效益比采用无底柱崩落 法的经济效益不仅不会差，甚至更好,而充填法产生的环保及社会效益要好 得多。 而充填法产生的环保及社会效益要好 得多。 As viewed from overall economic benefit, the economic benefit of the mining with fill mining is not only as good as, but even better than that of sublevel caving; moreover, the environmental protection and social benefits generated by fill mining is much better compared with sublevel caving. 在国内部分铁矿山，由于对充填法了解相对较少，担心使用充填法的 开采成本高，或担心工艺复杂，往往不愿意使用充填法，在采用崩落法后 给生产带来了很多难题，经济效益并不好。 在国内部分铁矿山，由于对充填法了解相对较少，担心使用充填法的 开采成本高，或担心工艺复杂，往往不愿意使用充填法，在采用崩落法后 给生产带来了很多难题，经济效益并不好。 Some domestic iron ore mines are unwilling to use fill mining because they know relatively little about the fill mining and worry about its high cost and complicated process. Consequently, they have achieved not so good economic benefit due to numerous difficult problems arising from adoption of sublevel caving . 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 河东金矿河东金矿,生产规模为生产规模为1000t/d，用上向侧伏进路尾砂充填连续采矿法 采矿，分级尾砂充填，采选总制造成本 ，用上向侧伏进路尾砂充填连续采矿法 采矿，分级尾砂充填，采选总制造成本117.2元元/t，其中采矿直接成本，其中采矿直接成本 21.52元元/t。。 The Hedong Gold Mine with the ore production capacity of 1000t/d adopts the pitching drift cut-and-fill with graded tailings, where the total mining and processing cost is RMB117.2/t, of which, the direct mining cost is RMB21.52/t. 充填开采技术在地下铁矿山的应用 Application of Fill Mining Technology in Underground Iron Ore Mines 6 结论6 结论 6. Conclusions ●●在我国铁矿资源相对紧缺、环保要求日益提高、建设用地控制更加严格的 情况下，开采难采矿床及地表不允许破坏的矿体都需要采用充填法开采。 在我国铁矿资源相对紧缺、环保要求日益提高、建设用地控制更加严格的 情况下，开采难采矿床及地表不允许破坏的矿体都需要采用充填法开采。 In view of relative shortage of the iron mineral resource, increasingly strict regulations for the environmental protection and more rigorous control over land use for construction in our country, the fill mining has to be used for mining both the difficult-to-mine deposits and the orebodies where surface damage is not allowed. ●●充填开采技术在有色矿山应用非常普遍，工艺先进，技术成熟，在铁矿山 应用也越来越多。由于铁矿石本身的价值较低，加上一些矿山矿石品位不 高，因此采用充填法时应尽量采用尾砂直接充填的开采工艺，减少水泥的添 加