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1,甲醇燃料时代已经降临,,中国石油大学重质油国家重点实验室石油大学CNPC催化重点实验室,METHANOLFUELSTHETIMEHASCOME,诺贝尔奖得主乔治A奥拉著,BeyondOilandGasTheMethanolEconomy,“关于转换战略能源储备理念的建议”金涌、谢克昌、毛炳权、陈丙珍、余永富、李正名、沈德忠等29位院士。,8,ChinaWorld’sLargestMethanolConsumerandProducer中国世界最大的甲醇消费和生产国,亚洲各国甲醇使用量,9,TurnBacktheClock历史回顾,Theoilpriceshocksof1973and1979ledtoacallforthegreateruseofalternativefuels.1973年和1979年的油价突涨促使市场使用替代燃料品的需求。,10,SmogChokesCitiesairpollution许多城市为烟雾弥漫笼罩,Bythelate1970s,virtuallyeveryU.S.cityviolatedfederalairqualitylimits,affecting80millionAmericans.70年代末,几乎每个美国城市的空气质量指数都超过联邦标准,影响了8千万美国人。Airpollutionintensifiescallforcleanercarsandfuels.空气污染使得对清洁汽车和燃料的需求加剧。,11,AlternativeFuelFactors燃料代替品的要素,Factorstoaddressforanyalternativetogasoline/dieselfuels各种汽油/柴油燃料代替品所需应对的要素Sizeoftheenergyresourcebasemustbelarge;能源资源的基量必须大;Impactontheeconomy;对经济的影响;Effectontheenvironment;对环境的影响;以及Acceptancebyconsumers.消费者的接受度。,12,Methanol“ClearlyStoodOut”甲醇“明显脱颖而出”,Inresponsetotheoilpriceshocks,theStateofCaliforniauatedallalternativefuelsandmethanol“clearlystoodoutashavingthebestpotentialforreplacingpetroleumonawidespreadbasis.”作为对油价突涨的回应,美国加州对全部代替燃料做出评估,认为甲醇“明显脱颖而出,是在普及范围内最具有潜质的石油替代品。”PeterWard,CEC,13,Methanolcharacteristics甲醇的特性,Methanolcanbeproducedfromnaturalgas,coal,anyorganicbiomassmatter,evenatmosphericCO2.甲醇可以从天然气,煤,及任何一种有机生物堆体中,甚至从大气层中的二氧化碳中产出。Leastcostalternativeforfuelcosts,fuelinginfrastructureandvehicles.是燃料成本,加油设施和车辆最低的成本替代品Cleanerthangasoline,potentialfornetzerogreenhousegas.比汽油更清洁,有潜质做到温室气体净零释放Asaliquid,themethanoltransitionwouldbe“invisible”toconsumer.作为一种液体,转用甲醇对消费者是“隐形的”,14,DedicatedMethanolVehicles专门甲醇燃料汽车,Californiaintroducedfirstmethanolvehiclesin1978.加州在1978年推出了第一批甲醇燃料汽车。In1981,Forddelivered40dedicatedmethanolEscorts–with20morepower,and15moreefficient–whichdrove3millionmiles.1981年,福特汽车公司生产了四十辆专用甲醇为燃料的Escort汽车。它们比一般Escort多百分之二十的马力,高百分之十五的效率。共行驶了300万英里。In1983,Fordbuilt582methanolcarsonproductionline,whichdrove35millionmiles.1983年,福特汽车公司使用生产线生产了582辆甲醇燃料汽车,这些汽车行驶了3500万英里。,15,FlexFuelIntroduction灵活燃料介绍,Withtoofewstations,driversexpressedapprehensionforrunningoutofmethanol.由于缺少甲醇加油站,开车的人们对用尽甲醇燃料表示忧虑。In1982,Fordbegandevelopingflexiblefuelvehiclescapableofrunningonanycombinationofmethanolandgasoline.1982年,福特汽车开始研发可运行任何比例甲醇和汽油的灵活燃料车辆。ObjectiveIntroducelargenumbersofmethanolFFVs(flexiblefuelvehicles)tobuildfuelinginfrastructure,thentransitionbacktodedicatedmethanolcars.目标首先为建设燃料基础设施推出大量甲醇灵活燃料车辆。然后,再转型为甲醇专用汽车。,16,MethanolFlexibleFuelVehicles甲醇灵活燃料车辆,Between1987and1999,over17,000methanolFFVsandhundredsoftransitbusesandschoolbusessoldinCA.一九八五到一九九九年间在加州销售了17,000辆甲醇灵活燃料车辆和几百辆公共汽车和校车。CAestablishednetworkof60publicretailstationsand45privatefleetstations,dozensfuelingstationsinotherstates.加州建立了一个由60座公共加油站和45座私人车队加油站组成的网络.其它州也建立了数十座加油站。By1993,Californiaconsumed12milliongallonsofmethanolperyear.到1993年加州甲醇消费量达到每年一千两百万加仑(1加仑等于3.785升),17,EmissionComparison排放比较,,18,aldehydeEmissions甲醛排放,aldehydeisdirectlyemittedatarateofroughly1oftheunburnedmethanolinvehicleexhaust,orabouttwicethatforgasolinefueledvehicles.未燃甲醇汽车尾气中,甲醛直接排放率为大约1%,或两倍的汽油燃料的车辆。Indirectaldehydeemissionsedfromreactionsofhydrocarbonsintheatmosphere,andsincemethanolreducesreactivehydrocarbonemissionsby80,indirectaldehydealsoreducedby80.间接甲醛排放反应形成的碳氢化合物在大气中,由于甲醇反应碳氢化合物的排放减少了80%,间接的甲醛也减少80%。,19,aldehydeEmissions甲醛排放,AccordingtoU.S.EPA据美国环保局aldehydecanbeeffectivelycontrolledbythree-waycatalyststoachievedirectaldehydeemissionssimilartogasolinevehicles.甲醛可以有效控制三效催化剂,实现直接甲醛排放类似汽油的车辆。Thenetheathimpactofaldehydeemissionsfrommethanolvehicles“maybenearlyneutral.”净排放量的甲醛甲醇车辆有“可能是近中性”的健康影响-OverallMobileSourceAirToxicsreducedby44usingM-85fuels.使用的M-85燃料,整个移动源空气有毒物质减少了44%。,20,MethanolHealthRisk甲醇健康风险,Methanolisnaturallyoccurringinhumansfromconsumingfruitsandvegetables--500mgperdaysafeinadultdiet.甲醇在人体自然产生等于我们吃水果和蔬菜-500毫克为-每天成人的饮食安全。Backgroundinbody35mg.人体周围约35毫克。Drinkingdietsodacontaining200milligramsofaspartameproduces20mgofmethanolinthebody.苏打水含有200毫克阿斯巴甜,生产20毫克甲醇在人体中。,21,VehicleFueling车辆加油,Methanolinhalationexposureduringrefuelingof150ppmfor15minutesresultsindoseof42mg.15分钟加油可有150ppm吸入42毫克甲醇剂量。Sameasdrinkingtwocansofdietsoda.等于饮用两罐苏打。500timeslessthanmethanol’sminimumlethaldose20,000-71,000mg.少于500倍甲醇的最低致死剂量(20000-71000毫克)。NOreportedincidentsofmethanolpoisoningfromM-85vehicleoperationsintheUnitedStates.在美国经营的M-85汽车,没有发生过任何一件甲醇中毒的事件。,22,MethanolSaferThanGasoline甲醇要比汽油安全,LOWERVOLATILITY低挥发性Methanoldoesnotevaporateorvaporasreadilyasgasolinedoes.Underthesameconditions,exposedgasolinewillemittwotofourtimesmorevaporthanwillexposedmethanol.甲醇并不象汽油一样容易挥发或形成蒸汽.在相同条件下,暴露的汽油所挥发的蒸汽要比暴露的甲醇高两到四倍HIGHERFLAMMABILITYREQUIREMENT起燃点高Methanolvapormustbefourtimesmoreconcentratedinairthangasolinevaporforignitiontooccur.甲醇开始燃烧需要空气中的蒸汽浓度比汽油高四倍LOWERVAPORDENSITY低蒸汽密度Gasolinevaporistwotofivetimesdenserthanair,soittendstotravelalongthegroundtoignitionsources.Methanolvaporisonlyslightlydenserthanairanddispersesmorerapidlytonon-combustibleconcentrations.汽油蒸汽要比空气稠密两到五倍,容易延着地面运动接触点火源.甲醇蒸汽只略密于空气,能够较快散开到低于可燃烧密度,SourceU.S.EPA,23,EnvironmentalFate环保命运,Methanolisubiquitousintheenvironment,andisreadilybiodegradable.甲醇在环境中无处不有,容易被生物分解Methanolisinjectedinto200U.S.wastewatertreatmentplantstoacceleratethebiodegradationofwastewater.甲醇被注入美国200个污水处理厂以加快废水生物分解Eachyear,400milliongallons1.5billionlitersofmethanolusedinwindshieldwasherfluidintheU.S.美国每年使用四亿加仑15亿升甲醇为汽车挡风玻璃清洗剂.,,24,Half-LivesofMethanolandBenzeneintheEnvironment甲醇和苯在环境中的半衰期,MethanolFueliscleanalternativeenergy甲醇燃料是清洁的替代能源,26,CASupport加州政府的支持,Californiasupportedmethanolprogramby加州以下属方式支持甲醇项目Offeringrebatesof500percar;提供每辆车减免500美元;Statevehiclepurchases;州政府采购甲醇汽车Fundingcostsforfuelingstations;为甲醇加油站提供部分资金;CreatingFuelMethanolReservetostabilizewholesalefuelcosts;and创立甲醇燃料储存库以稳定燃油批发价格;以及Establishing“trigger”requiringfuelretailerstoinstallmethanolpumpsifmethanolFFVfleetreached20,000vehicles.制定“触发点”如果甲醇灵活燃料车队达到2万辆,就要求燃油零售商安装甲醇加油机。TotalStateinvestmentover42million.整个州总投入超过4200万美元。,27,ComingFullCircle问题回到原地,Wearenowgonethroughanotherglobaloilpriceshock,andenergysecurityisatthetopofthepolicyagenda.我们现正在经历另一场全球石油价格的冲击,能源安全是政策议程的首位。Therangeofbenefitsthatmademethanolstandoutin1980,areevenmorerelevantin2009.八十年代,使甲醇优势突出的优点到了。,28,MethanolFuelBlending甲醇燃料混合,Key▬BaselinePositive-Negative,29,OpenFuelStandardAct开放燃料标准法案,IntroductioninSenatebySen.BrownbackandSen.SalazarandinHousebyRep.EngelonJuly22nd.7月22日,美参议院的Brownback议员和Salazar议员以及美众议院Engel议员分别在两院提出此法案。Wouldrequireautomakerstoprovide“GEM”gasoline,ethanol,methanolFlexibleFuelcapabilityto50ofnewcarsby2012and80by2015.法案要求汽车生产商到2012年,生产的新车中百分之五十是需供应“GEM”(汽油,乙醇,甲醇)的灵活燃料汽车性能。而到2015年为止,则要达到百分之八十。MIprovideslettersofsupporttokeymembersSenateandHouse,includingMethanolFuelBenefitsfactsheetpreparedbyAllianceTechnicalServices.甲醇协会向主要参议院和众议院成员提供书面支持材料,包括由AllianceTechnicalServices提供的甲醇燃料有利因素的报告。,30,USAAlternativeFuelTaxIncentives美国替代燃料奖励,U.S.Congresshasestablishedarangeofincentivesforalternativefuels美国国会已建立了一系列激励替代燃料Excisefueltaxescalculatedbasedonenergycontentoffuelmethanoltaxedatrateofgasoline.燃油税基础上计算是基于能源含量的燃料(甲醇征税率汽油)。Directtaxsubsidiesforfuels0.45/gallonmethanol,1.00/gallonbiodiesel.直接税补贴燃料(0.45/gallon甲醇,1.00/gallon生物柴油Directtaxsubsidiesforfuelinginfrastructure30cost,upto30,000perstation直接税补贴推动基础设施(30%的成本,高达30000每站),31,USAltFuelVehicleIncentives美国替代燃料汽车奖励,U.S.Congressapprovedrangeofincentivesforaltfuelvehicles美国国会批准一系列奖励替代燃料的车辆Mandatoryalternativefuelvehiclepurchasesbyfederalandstatefleets90ofvehiclepurchases.联邦和州船队强制性购买替代燃料汽车(90%的车辆购买)。Requirementstooperatevehiclesonalternativefuels.要求替代燃料的车辆。Vehiclepurchasetaxincentivesupto4000pervehicle.车辆购置税收激励(高达4000美元每部车辆)。HighOccupancyVehiclemptions.高入车辆豁免Directresearchanddevelopmentfunding.直接研究和发展经费。,32,ObamaAdministration奥巴马政府,EconomicStimulusBillincludes经济刺激法案包括Alternativefuelvehiclepurchasetaxcredit替代燃料车辆购置税收抵免Expandedtaxcreditsforalternativefuelpumps扩大税收抵免替代燃油泵Energyresearchtaxcredit能源研究税收抵免Research,developmentanddeploymentfunding研究,开发和部署的资金Directpurchaseofalternativefuelvehicles直接购买替代燃料车辆,33,ChinaMethanolFuelBlending中国甲醇燃料混合,AccordingtoMMSA2.71millionmetrictons900milliongallonsofmethanolblendedingasolinein2007据MMSA报告在2007年有271万公吨(9亿加仑)的甲醇燃料混合在汽油中。Anadditional800,000tonsofdemandgrowthexpectedin2009.2009年,预计附加80万吨的需求增长量。MethanolsellsforCNY1,600US235perton,wholesalegasolinesellsforRMB3,230US475perton.甲醇的售价为2000元一吨,汽油批发价格为人民币6,750每吨。,34,ChinaAutomakersLeadtheWay中国汽车制造商引领兴行业,GreelyAutomotivebuilding2000Haifengmethanoldualfuelcars.吉利汽车公司生产了2000辆海风甲醇两用燃料轿车。CheryAutomobilecompleteddemonstrationof20methanolFFVs,nowreadyforfull-scaleproduction.奇瑞汽车公司生产了20种使用甲醇灵活燃料示范车,并已做好了全面生产的准备。Chang’anintroducedmethanolBen-Bencar.长安汽车公司推出了奔奔甲醇动力轿车。HuapuAutomotivebuiltmethanolcars.华普汽车公司公司已制造了甲醇燃料汽车。ShanghaiAutomotiveIndustryCorporationdevelopingmethanolcars.上海汽车工业集团公司正在研发甲醇燃料汽车。,35,ShanxiProvincialTrials山西省地方试验,11citieswithatotalpopulationof33million.11个城市,人口总数3300万。260billiontonnesknowncoaldeposits,1/3China’stotal.有2600亿吨已知煤碳储量,占中国总数三分之一。200busesand2,000taxisoperatingonM-100.200辆公交车和1000辆出租车使用M-100燃油。M-15firstusedin2003infourcities,nowusedinall11citiesacrosstheprovinceinstationsoperatedbyPetroChinaandSinopec.2003年,M-15首次在4个城市试用,现已在全省11个城市的中石油和中石化的加油站使用。Shanxiadoptedfourprovincialmethanolspecificationsin2008.在2008年,山西省批准了4个省级的甲醇标准。,36,NationalMethanolStandards中国国家甲醇标准,InMarch2007,China’sCommitteeonStandardizationrequestedthreemethanolstandards2007年,中国标准委员会提出制定三个甲醇标准HighProportionM-85高比例甲醇M-85LowProportion–M-15低比例甲醇M-15ConvertibleMethanolFuel–M-100可转换甲醇燃料M-100,Sinopec“Thestandardswillsurelyfacilitatesupervisionoverthecurrentmethanolmarket,andwilldefinethewayofmethanoldevelopmentinthefuture.”中国石化说“这个标准肯定将有利于监督现今甲醇市场,并将规范甲醇今后的发展。,37,MICommentsonShanxiStandards甲醇协会对山西甲醇标准提出评论,OfficialsinShanxiprovideUSAMIwithProvincialmethanolfuelblendingstandards.山西省政府官员向美国甲醇协会提供了山西省甲醇燃油的混合标准。MItranslatedstandardsintoEnglish.甲醇协会把山西甲醇标准翻译成了英文。TechnicalanalysisconductedbyWilliamPielofTeirAssociates.TeirAssociates的WilliamPiel对山西甲醇标准做了技术分析MIprovideddetailedcommentstoShanxi.甲醇协会对山西甲醇标准写了详细的评价报告。,38,MI-ShanxiCooperation甲醇协会和山西省的合作,MIcommentsonM5-M15standardbasedonU.S.andEuropeanexperienceinusingmethanolasatransportationfuel.甲醇协会根据美国和欧洲使用甲醇用于运输燃油的经验对M5-M15标准给出意见报告。Shanxiserveasmodelfortheworldmarketinmethanolfuel.山西成为世界甲醇市场的典范。ObjectiveisensurethesuccessfuluseofmethanolthroughoutChina.目的在于确保中国成功推广使用甲醇。,DevelopmentofCleanalternativeenergymustbesupportedinmanyaspects醇醚燃料清洁替代能源发展需要多方支持,,,,,,,METHANOLFUEL,,,,,,,,,,,,Preferentialpolicy,Technicalsupport,,,EnvironmentalProtectionAdministration,MethanolInstitute,还人民一片洁净美丽的蓝色天空,ThankYou,
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