从稀土和山埃冶金看环境问题与民运.ppt

从稀土和山埃冶金看环境问题与民运,---陈慧君---,从稀土/山埃采金看环境问题,什么是稀土Lynas的2008年环境评估报告山埃采金术/稀土冶炼、分离和生产的影响生态环境生命安全水源污染废料处理水资源个案分享MinamataDicease亚洲稀土厂,什么是稀土/RareEarthLathanides,包括镧、铈、镨、钕、钇等的十七种金属元素。,稀土的用途与重要性,绿色能源/环保新能源设备（hybridcars,catalyticconverters,windturbines,nextgenerationthin-filmsolarcellsandenergysavingopto-electronicssuchasLEDlightingandflatscreendisplays）高科技工业各种科技产品、手机电子电脑产品、汽车及军工行业高科技产品所需关键原材料,RareEarthslathanidesunderpintechnologiesthatarefundamentalinsatisfyingthreekeysocialtrendsassummarisedbelow.ImprovingenergyefficiencyRareEarthssupporttheuptakeofenergyefficientinitiativesthroughtheiruniquephysicalandchemicalproperties.Thisallowsthemtoprotecttheenvironmentbyloweringenergyconsumptionandimprovelifestylesthroughenergyefficientapplicationsthatsavemoney,withoutsacrificingcomfortandreliability.EnhancingenvironmentalprotectionRareEarthsareplayingapivotalroleingreenhousegasreductionthroughtheiruniqueapplicationinautomotivecatalyticconverters,hybridvehicles,windturbinesandenergyefficientcompactfluorescentlightbulbs.MiniturisationofdigitaltechnologyThedigitaleraisgatheringpace;broadbandaccess,digitaltelevision,digitalcameras,anddigitalmusicarearoundusathomeandonthemove.RareEarthsareenablersofthistechnologyanditsminiaturisation.Newmaterialsandnovelapplicationsofthemenablecompaniestoproducemoreefficient,higherperancematerials,whichmeetthedemandforfaster,smallerandlighterproducts.Lanthanum,arareearthelement,isessentialtotheNiMHbattery,,,,,,,,20-30kgofrareearthperToyotahybridcarA3-megawattwindturbinecontainsometwotonsofrareearth.300tonofsoilproduce1tonofrareearthore,9,,,,什么是山埃,氰化物，Cyanide，化学式CN少量的山埃不会对环境和人体造成伤害人体能自然的排出少量的山埃毒山埃其实是一种剧毒。根据资料，吸入300mg/m3的山埃能令人在10分钟内死亡，口服相等于一颗米的山埃即可引起猝死，没有药治。二战时德国纳粹也曾使用这种化学物毒杀集中营里的囚犯。,什么是山埃采金术,用剧毒化学物质山埃提炼黄金的提炼法，能提炼出97的黄金。劳勿澳洲金矿公司采用的碳提炼法（KnelsonConcentrator6.2BgLynas正在研究把铁磷石膏开发成防护堤与分波器，唯至今还在研发阶段。因此，这段期间，这些剩余物将被储存在一个8公尺高的储存槽里,Lynas有10年的辐射废料储存期。提炼后的成品将运往日本、美国、EU,环境影响EnvironmentalImpact--三废,在稀土的冶炼、分离和生产的过程中会附带产生大量的废气、废水和废渣辐射性尘埃，提炼后的废料中也存留辐射，能通过空气和水进入人体，导致免疫系统疾病和癌症。废气-粉尘、灼烧、冶炼产生的废气fluorineandsulful、酸碱或有机试剂挥发的气体VOC废水-excessiveacidandradioactivematerials废渣-RadioactiveThoriumcancausecancersofthelung,pancreasandblood,aslungsandotherinternalorganscanbepenetratedbyalpharadiation.Exposuretothoriuminternallyleadstoincreasedriskofliverdiseases.,环境影响Environmentalimpact,EmergencyplanReserveforrecovery–300MbyMitsubishiChemical’srefineryinBukitMerah.100Mcleanup,300yearsmonitoring,fundedbyPerakgovernmentWastemanagementWaterQualityWastedisposale.g.thecompactfluorescentlightbulbs,electriccarsbatteryareschedulewaste,法令Governmentregulation,WaterConsumption每小时500立方米WasteWaterAmmonia,AcidAirIonisedradioactiveWaste,Monitoring,Waterquality30parametersincluderadioactivematerial,,,ThoriumHalfLife,Th228half-life1.9yearsTh229half-life7860years7.34GBq/gTh230half-life75,400yearsTh232half-life14,000,000,000years14BillionTh234half-life24.1days,DetailStudy,Standard,thoriumconcentrationoflessthan0.05percent公眾可接受的輻射劑量限值為每年1mSv,环境公害与公民运动,,MinamataDisease水俣病,,ThecrippledhandofaMinamatadiseasevictim,WastewaterdischargefromtheChissofactoryinMinamata,Over3,000victimshavebeenrecognizedashaving“MinamataDisease“（confirmin1959.Ithastakensomeofthesepeopleoverthirtyyearstoreceivecompensationforthisinconceivableevent.From1932to1968,ChissoCorporation,acompanylocatedinKumamotoJapan,dumpedanestimated27tonsofmercurycompoundsintoMinamataBay.Thecompanybelievedthatitwasmuchcheapertopayoffthefewpeoplewhowereopposedtothedumping,ratherthanimplementanenvironmentallysafetechniqueofwasteremoval.Victimswerediagnosedashavingadegenerationoftheirnervoussystems.Numbnessoccurredintheirlimbsandlips.Theirspeechbecameslurred,andtheirvisionconstricted.Somepeoplehadseriousbraindamage,whileotherslapsedintounconsciousnessorsufferedfrominvoluntarymovements.AsofMarch2001,2,265victimshadbeenofficiallyrecognised1,784ofwhomhaddiedandover10,000hadreceivedfinancialcompensationfromChisso.By2004,ChissoCorporationhadpaid86millionincompensation,andinthesameyearwasorderedtocleanupitscontamination.OnMarch29,2010,asettlementwasreachedtocompensateas-yetuncertifiedvictims.,亚洲稀土厂ARE,1982年日本三菱公司的亚洲稀土厂（AsiaRareEarth）在霹靂红坭山（BukitMerah）并引发的一系列脑癌、白血病、流產、夭折的病发案例，檳城消费人协会当年的统计显示，埋毒之间离奇死亡者有3名；因为辐射患上血癌的儿童共有8名，倖存者仅有两位；先天脑残者5名，活下只有两位，孕妇流產、婴儿夭折的比率也是全国的三倍。,亚洲稀土厂ARE,三菱提炼厂最终于1992年关闭。如今当地已成为亚洲最大辐射废料库之一。RM303million（三亿马币）的废料治理费用。300年的检验、监督和储存,由霹雳政府买单。,世界人权宣言,第三条人人有权享有生命、自由和人身安全。,