160115-Worker Exposure Guidelines职业暴露指南-Unmack-安全永无止境微课堂第二季特别版-原始版.pdf

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Work Place Exposure Guildlines ( Excerpts from CIH Review 作业场所职业暴露指南 美国注册工业卫生师考前辅导节选) James Unmack CIH CSP PE CCM Greetings Dear All, Greeting from California, Glad to talk with everyone from Safety Endless An Quan Yong Wu Zhi Jing, the most positive professional safety we chat group. Some of you may have already attended my CIH/CSP Review Training Course, many of you here are new faces. Today let us share the experience on Work Place Exposure Guidelines. 2 What is industrial hygiene 什么是工业卫生 Industrial hygiene is that science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, uation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among citizens of the community. 工业卫生是一门致力于对产生于或源自工作场所,能够 导致工作人员及社区居民身患疾病、健康及良好状态受 损,或者严重不适及工作效率下降的各种诱因或应激因 素进行预测、识别、评估和控制的科学与技艺。 3 Professional Organizations 美国相关专业机构 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists – ACGIH 美国工业卫生师联合会(ACGIH) American Industrial Hygiene Association – AIHA 美国工业卫生协会(AIHA) American Board of Industrial Hygiene – ABIH 美国工业卫生理事会(ABIH) Academy of Industrial Hygiene – AIH 工业卫生科学院(AIH) American Society of Safety Engineers –ASSE 美国安全工程师协会(ASSE) 4 Definitions 相关定义 TLV – Threshold Limit Value ACGIH TLV 阈限值(ACGIH手册) TWA – time weighted average TW A 时间计权平均值 PEL – permissible exposure limit OSHA PEL 允许接触限值 (OSHA) OEL – occupational exposure limit generic OEL 职业接触限值(通用) REL – recommended exposure limit NIOSH REL 推荐接触限值(NIOSH) 5 Definitions continued定义(续) IDLH – Immediately dangerous to life or health IDLH 立即威胁生命和健康 MAC, MAK – maximum acceptable concentration MAC,MAK 最高允许浓度 WEEL – workplace environmental exposure level guide AIHA WEEL 工作环境接触水平指南 6 History 历史由来 1500 BC – Egyptian physicians priests recognize toxic effects of certain plants 公元前1500年,埃及内科医生(牧师)认识到某些植物的毒副作 用; 450 BC – Hippocrates writes about medicine, beginning of scientific observation, asbestos disease recognized among asbestos workers 公元前450年,Hippocrates对医药进行记述,那时已开始进行科 学观察,并在石棉工人中发现了石棉病。 82 BC – Lex Cornelia makes poisoning illegal 公元前82年, Lex Cornelia规定下毒违法。 7 54 A.D.Pliny the Elder, mercury refiners used bladders over their faces to protect against dust 公元54年, Pliny the Elder, 水银提炼人员使用软壳罩住其面部以阻挡 粉尘; 1473 Ellenborg, recognized chronic lead and mercury poisoning 公园1473年, Ellenborg认识到铅和汞可导致慢性中毒。 1493-1541 Philipus Paracelsus, correlated “miners diseases“ with metal fume 公元1493-1541 Philipus Paracelsus确立了“矿工病”与金属烟雾的 关联性。 1500s Canaries into the mines in Carpathia 16世纪,高频噪声进入Carpathia矿井。 8 . 1519-1589 Catherine de Medici, human experimentation 1519-1589 Catherine de Medici,人类实验 1556 Agricola, recognized “asthma“ among miners 1556年Agricola,认识到矿工的“哮喘病”。 1642-1727 Isaac Newton, paints house with cinnabar 1642-1727艾萨克牛顿用朱红(一硫化汞)涂刷房间。 1700 Ramazzini, recognized occupational diseases and prescribed cures 1700年Ramazzini认识到职业病并开具治疗药方; 1785 Sir Percivall Pott recognized that cancer of the scrotum is caused by exposure to coal tar 1785 年Sir Percivall Pott认识到睾丸癌由于接触煤焦油引起的。 1833 Factory Act, England limits hours of child labor 1833年英国的工厂法限值童工工作时间。 9 . 1839 Germany bans child labor in dangerous occupations 1893年德国禁止童工从事危险职业; 1864 Englands Factory Act provides for inspection of factories 1864年英国工厂法规定对工厂进行监察; 1865 13th Amendment abolishes slavery in the U.S.A. 1865年在美国第13修正案废除奴隶制; 1877 Factory inspection in the U.S.A. 1877年美国开始工厂监察 1884 K.B. Lehmann, studied toxic effects of gases on animals 1884年K.B. Lehmann在动物身上开展气体的毒效研究。 10 . 1919 Occupational diseases compensable in Wisconsin 1919年威斯康辛州职业病可获得补偿; 1919 A.B. Lamb R.C. Hoover, first colorimetric detector tube carbon monoxide 1919年, A.B. Lamb 和 R.C. Hoover,第一只比色检测管(一氧化 碳) 1920 19th Amendment gives women the Right to Vote 1920年, 第19号修正案赋予妇女选举权; 1925 Alice Hamilton, studies lead workers, introduction of modern industrial toxicology 1925年Alice Hamilton,对接触铅的工人进行了研究,引入现代工业 毒理学 11 1928 USPHS publishes maximum allowable concentrations for industrial atmospheric contaminants MAC 1928年,美国公共卫生服务机构公布大气工业污染物的最高允许溶度; 1933 USPHS MAC for lead 0.15 mg/m3 1933年,美国公共卫生服务机构规定铅的MAC值为0.15 mg/m3 1936 Walsh-Healey Act 1936年,Walsh-Healey法 1937Bernard Saltzman, direct reading colorimetric indicators 1937年Bernard Saltzman,直读式比色指示器 1938 National Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists organized, later to become the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 1938年成立全国工业卫生师联合会,后来成为美国工业卫生师联合会 12 1939 American Industrial Hygiene Association founded 1939年成立美国工业卫生协会 1943 American Standards Association, Z- 37 Committee, publishes maximum allowable concentrations for industrial atmoshpheric contaminants MAC 1943年美国标准协会,Z-37委员会公布了大气工业污染物的最高允许浓 度; 1945 Harriet Hardy, community and industrial poisoning beryllium 1945年, Harriet Hardy,社区和工业中毒(铍) 1947 ACGIH publishes first list of “Maximum Allowable Concentrations“ 1947年,美国工业卫生师联合会公布第一份“最高允许浓度”数据表; 1948 ACGIH changes name of MAC list to “Threshold Limit Values“ 1947年,美国工业卫生师联合会把MAC数据表更名为“阈限值”。 13 . 1957 Delaney clause bans carcinogenic additives to food 1957年德莱尼修正案德莱尼修正案禁止向食物添加致癌添加剂。 1966 Metal and Nonmetallic Mine Safety Act 1966年,金属与非金属矿山安全法 1967 Irving Selikoff, asbestos diseases recognized among shipyard workers 1967年, Irving Selikoff,码头工人石棉病被确认。 1970 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970年,职业安全卫生法 14 . 1975 Bruce Ames, short term test for mutagenic activity 1975年, Bruce Ames,诱变活动短期试验 1980 Hazardous Substance Ination and Training Act Employee Right to Know 1980年,有害物质信息和培训法(雇员知情权) 1990 California Injury and Illness Prevention Program SB 198 1990年,加利福尼亚工伤与疾病预防计划(SB 198) 1992 Control of Ergonomic Injuries 8 CCR 5110 1992年,人机工程伤害控制 2006 Prevention of Heat Related Illness 8 CCR 3395 2006年,热相关疾病预防 15 16 TLVs for Chemical Substances BEIs Biological Exposure Indices 化学物质阈限值 生物接触指标 17 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACGIH美国政府工业卫 生师委员会ACGIH ACGIH is a not for profit scientific association ACGIH is not a governmental organization does not set standards Members are volunteers that represent government, industry, academia and labor Founded in 1938 and renamed in 1946 Well known for TLVs ACGIH是一个不以盈利为目的的科学协会 ACGIH不是一个政府组织并且不设置标准 成员为代表政府,工业界,学术界和劳动者的志愿者 目前的组织名称于1946年命名 众所周知的TLV 18 TLVs for Chemical Substances TLV表示的化学物质 BEIs Biological Exposure Indices BEIS生物暴露 TLVs include 658 chemical substances and 17 physical agents, as well as 47 BEIs for selected chemicals TLVs and BEIs are scientific opinions Based on health factors without consideration of economic or technical feasibility Core users are industrial hygienists TLVs and BEIs represent conditions that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed to without adverse health effects. 的TLV包括大约658种化学物质和17种物理因素,以及47 种BEIS选定 化学品 TLV和BEIS是科学概念 基于健康因素考虑,而不考虑经济和技术可行性 核心用户是工业卫生 TLV和BEIS代表的状况是几乎所有的工人可以反复暴露且无不良健康 影响的条件。 19 TLVs for Chemical Substances TLV化学物质阈值 BEIs Biological Exposure Indices BEIS生物暴露指标 Examples of adverse health effects are URT upper respiratory tract irritation CNS central nervous system effects Pulmonary function Asphyxia Liver damage Neurotoxicity Eye irritation Cholinesterase inhibition Lung cancer 对健康有不利影响的例子 城市轨道交通(上呼吸 道)刺激 CNS(中枢神经系统) 的影响 肺功能 窒息 肝损害 神经毒性 眼睛刺激 胆碱酯酶抑制 肺癌 20 TLV Definitions阈限值定义 Threshold Limit Value – Time- weighted average TLV-TWA Airborne concentration averaged over 8 hours exposure time Assumes 8-hour day Assumes 40-hour week Assumes nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, for a working lifetime without adverse effect 阈限值 - 时间加权平均 值(TLV-TWA) 空气中的浓度平均超过 8小时的接触时间 假设每天8小时 假设每周40小时 假设几乎所有的工人可 能会反复暴露,日复一 日的,没有不良影响的 工作寿命 21 TLV Definitions Threshold Limit Value – Short Term Exposure Limit TLV-STEL 15-minute time-weighted average Not to be exceeded even if the TLV-TWA is not exceeded Short period exposure without causing irritation, chronic or irreversible tissue damage, dose-rate- dependent toxic effects, or narcosis No more than 4 STEL periods per day with at least 60 minutes between each Examples – Trichloroethylene, Carbon monoxide, H2S, Methyl ethyl ketone, Styrene 22 阈限值 - 短期 短时间允许接触浓度限值(TLV-STEL) 15分钟的时间加权平均值 既使TLV-TWA不超过不被超过 而不会造成刺激,慢性或不可逆的组织损伤,剂量 率相关的毒性作用,或昏迷短时间曝光 每天不超过4 STEL周期每间至少60分钟 例子 - 三氯乙烯,一氧化碳,硫化氢,甲基乙基酮, 苯乙烯 23 TLV Definitions阈限值 Threshold Limit Value – Ceiling TLV-C Concentration not to be exceeded during any part of the working exposure Based on physical irritation acute toxicity Examples – Hydrogen fluoride, Ethylene glycol, aldehyde 阈限值 - (TLV-C) 不得在任何工作时间超过的接触浓度 基于物理刺激(急性毒性) 例子 - 氟化氢,乙二醇,甲醛 24 Notations Skin SEN A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 BEI – BEIA – BEIM – BEIP 25 Notations符号 Skin – potential significant contribution to overall exposure by the cutaneous route, including eyes and mucous membranes SEN – potential for an agent to produce sensitization allergic reaction as confirmed by human or animal data – DSEN dermal sensitization – RSEN respiratory sensitization 皮肤 - 整体暴露的部分, 包括眼睛和粘膜 SEN - 潜在的使人产生过敏的反应(过敏性反应)所确认的人类 或动物数据 DSEN皮肤过敏 RSEN呼吸道过敏 26 Notations Carcinogenicity – A1 confirmed human carcinogen based on the weight of epidemiologic studies – A2 suspected human carcinogen based on adequate quality human data but conflicting or insufficient data – A3 confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans – A4 not classifiable as a human carcinogen – A5 not suspected as a human carcinogen 27 符号 致癌性 A1基于流行病学研究的重要的人类致癌物 A2怀疑的人类致癌物,但依据或数据不足 A3确认的动物致癌物,但未知与人类相关性 A4 不能分类为人类致癌物 A5不被怀疑为人类致癌物 28 Notations BEIs – BEIA see the BEI for Acetylcholinesterase inhibiting pesticide – BEIM see the BEI for Methemoglobin inducers – BEIP see the BEI for Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs BEIS BEIA 乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制农药 BEIM高铁血红蛋白诱导 BEIP多环芳香族碳氢化合物(PAHs) 29 TLV Excursions Apply to those substances with a TLV- TWA but no TLV-STEL Air concentration may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than 30 minutes during a workday Air concentration should never exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA Excursions allowed provided the TLV-TWA is not exceeded 30 TLV 适用于这些物质具有TLV-TWA但没有 TLV-STEL 空气中的浓度可能超过3倍的TLV-TWA, 但在每一工作日期间不超过30分钟 空气中的浓度不应超过5倍的TLV-TWA 不超过允许 的TLV-TWA 31 Disclaimers TLVs and BEIs are guidelines, not legal standards or regulations TLVs and BEIs are not fine lines between safe and dangerous TLVs and BEIs are not relative indices of toxicity or hazard TLVs and BEIs are not protective for sensitive individuals 32 声明 TLV和BEIS为准则,而不是法律标准 或法规 TLV和BEIS并不在安全和危险之间存 在现性关系 TLV和BEIS并不是毒性或危险性相对 指标 TLV和BEIS不保护敏感的个人 33 More Disclaimers TLVs and BEIs are not for proof of disease or disability TLVs and BEIs are for United States workplaces TLVs and BEIs are not for extended work periods Assume standard temperature pressure STP 34 更多声明 TLV和BEIS是不是疾病或残疾的证明 TLV和BEIS是美国的工作场所 TLV和BEIS不延长工作期限 假设标准温度和压力条件下(STP) 35 More Disclaimers TLVs are not intended as public health air pollution criteria TLVs and BEIs are not for uating continuous 24-hour exposure to the public TLVs and BEIs are not indoor air quality IAQ standards 36 更多声明 TLV是不作为公众健康的空气污染标准 TLV和BEIS不作为评估公众连续24小时 暴露的情况 TLV和BEIS不是室内空气质量(IAQ) 标准 37 One More Disclaimer TLVs BEIs do not protect 100 of the working population – Workers differ by age, sex, ethnicity – Workers may have pre-existing health conditions – i.e., heart disease, asthma, diabetes – Workers may be on medications – Workers may be sensitized – Lifestyle can be a factor – i.e., smoking, drinking alcohol, taking drugs, obesity 38 一个特别声明 TLV&BEIS不保护100%的工作人员 工人按年龄,性别,种族不同 工人可能有预先存在的健康状况 - 即,心 脏疾病,哮喘,糖尿病 工人可能是药物原因 工人可能致敏 生活方式可能是一个因素 - 如吸烟,饮酒, 吸毒,肥胖 39 Other Exposure Limits Permissible Exposure Limits PELs – OSHA and Cal/OSHA Recommended Exposure Limits RELs – NIOSH for a 10-hour day Occupational Exposure Limits OELs Maximum Acceptable Concentrations MACs OSHA Act of 1970 adopted the 1968 ACGIH TLVs renamed them PELs 40 其他暴露接触限值 允许暴露极限(PEL) OSHA和CAL/ OSHA 推荐的接触限值(RELS) NIOSH 用于10小时的一天 职业接触限值(OEL) 最大可接受浓度(MAC) 1970年OSHA法案通过了1968 ACGIH 的TLV&更名为 PEL 41 TLV Documentation Basis of TLV differs by substance but both animal and human studies used Documentation includes rationale for TLV TLV basis could be due to –Narcosis –Nuisance –Irritation –Sensitization –Cancer 42 TLV文档 基于动物和人类的研究的 TLV随 物质不同而变化 TLV可能是由于 麻醉 妨害 刺激 敏感 癌症 43 Notice Of Intended Change NIC Notice of Intent to Establish NIE Notice of Intended Change is for proposed changes to chemical substance TLVs /or BEIs Notice of Intent to Establish is for proposed changes to the physical agent portion of the publication 44 建立变更的通知(NIE) 拟更改的通知(NIC) 拟变更的通知是建议修改化学物质的 TLV和/或BEIS 建立变更的通知是拟修改该出版物的物 理试剂部分 45 Extended Work Day TLV Reduction Factor RF8/hrPEL OSHA ula for lead standard 8 hour PEL is 50 ug/m 10 hour PEL is 40 ug/m Exposure time only consideration Presumes dose is cumulative No consideration to recovery time Conservative approach 46 延长工作日 TLV减量因子(RF)(8/hr) (PEL) 铅标准的OSHA公式 8小时PEL为50微克/立方米 10小时PEL为40微克/立方米 只有考虑暴露时间 假定剂量是累积 没有考虑到恢复时间 保守的做法 47 TLVs Independent Two independent exposures are treated separately. Each exposure has different effect and different metabolism. Separate TWA calculations Examples –Styrene and fiberglass –Noise and heat –Lead and methylene chloride –Lead and sulfuric acid 48 TLVs 不相关的情况 两个独立的风险分别对待。每次暴 露有不同的效果和不同的代谢。 单独计算TWA 示例 苯乙烯和玻璃纤维 噪音和散热 铅和二氯甲烷 铅和硫酸 49 ula For Independent Effects 50 具有各自独立影响的公式 51 TLVs Additive Combined biological effect is equal to the sum of each of the agents alone Simultaneous exposures or consecutive exposures within same work shift Toxic effect is similar or target organ is the same Examples –MEK, Sec-butyl acetate and Acetone –Heptane, methyl chloro, and perchloroethylene 52 TLVs 相关情况 合并的生物效应等于各单独的试剂的总和 同时暴露或在同一个工作班次连续暴露 毒性作用是相似或靶器官是一样的 示例 甲乙酮,醋酸仲丁酯和丙酮 庚烷,甲基氯仿,四氯乙烯 53 Dose Addition ula Two or more hazardous substances acting on the same organ system Use in absence of
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