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Noise and Hearing Conservation 噪声与听力保护 Nick Zeng CIH CSP 康菲石油 James Unmack CIH CSP PE CC Morgan技术总监 JJiang 1 What is our most widespread hazard 我们最广泛的危害是什么 Agenda 课程大纲 Health Impacts 健康危害 Properties and Measurement 性质和测量 Allowable Exposure 允许的暴露 Noise Surveys 噪声调查 Noise Control 噪声控制 Hearing Protection Devices 保护听力设备 Hearing Conservation Programs 听力保护程 序 The Ear 90 dBA for engineering and administrative controls. ** This regulation does not provide any details for a hearing conservation program. Proposed Rule requires hearing conservation program. 44 Summary of Occupational Noise Regulations in the United States 美国职业噪声法规汇总 continued Acoustical Requirements Agency and Worker TypesABCDEFGHI FRAFRA Trainmen58712115No8,9 DOTDOT Crew Members on all Commercial Vessels5822480115140No10 Motor Vehicles–90––––No11 DODDOD385858140Yes12 A. Exchange RateD. Hours Allowed at Sound Level in B and CG. Maximum Impulse Noise dBA B. Action Level dBAE. Threshold in dBA H. Mandatory Hearing Conservation Program C. Permissible Exposure LeveldBAF. Maximum Continuous Sound dBAI. References * 80 dBA for hearing conservation; 90 dBA for engineering and administrative controls. ** This regulation does not provide any details for a hearing conservation program. Proposed Rule requires hearing conservation program. 45 Calculating Dose and TWA 计算剂量或TWA D 100 C1/T1 C2/T2 Ci/Ti Ci employee exposure time at different noise level Ti total time allowed at that noise level based on OSHA PEL unless otherwise specified Ci 在不同声级下的暴露时间 Ti 在相应声级下允许暴露的总时间 除非另有规定，否则按OSHA允许接触限值计算 TWAeq 16.61 log10D/100 90 dBA 46 Classes of Noise Exposure 噪声暴露分类 Continuous连续噪声 – OSHA intervals less than 1 second OSHA 间隔小于1秒钟 Impulsive 脉冲噪声 – pneumatic hammers, rivet guns气动锤、铆钉枪 – less than 200 impulses per second 每秒钟不超过200个脉冲 Impact 冲击噪声 – duration 1 second 间隔大于1秒 [OSHA Impulse noise not to exceed 140 dBA peak SPL] 47 Why is Noise Control Important 噪声控制为什么重要 Hearing Loss Prent – 5-30 million workers exposed to noise 85 dBA – 10 million US workers with hearing loss 听力损失普遍 5003000万人接触大约85dB的噪声； 1000万美国工人患有听力损失 Masking of wanted sounds and speech 屏蔽所需要的声音和讲话 Worker Fatigue 工人疲劳 Annoyance 烦恼 Elevated Blood Pressure Cardiovascular 血压上升 48 Noise Control 噪声控制 Source 声源 – dampers, enclosures, mounts, fans 减振、外罩、安装、扇叶 Noise Path 噪声传播途径 – acoustical tile, floor tile, distance, barriers 隔声砖、地砖、距离、屏蔽物 Individual 个人 – enclosure, personal protection 隔声间，个体防护 49 Control Measures 控制措施 1.Engineering 工程手段 2.Administrative 管理手段 3.Personal Hearing Protection 个体听力防护 50 Types of Hearing Protection 听力保护产 品类别 51 Without proper training, any hearing protector that can be worn wrong, will be worn wrong 没有合适的培训，任何听力保护用品都可能错误使没有合适的培训，任何听力保护用品都可能错误使 用，而且一定会被错误使用用，而且一定会被错误使用 Murphy was right 墨菲定律是对的墨菲定律是对的 Even when noise hazards are clearly identified, you can’’t just set out boxes of hearing protectors and expect workers to use them. 尽管已经确认了噪声危害的存在，你也不能期待工尽管已经确认了噪声危害的存在，你也不能期待工 人会佩戴你提供的听力保护用品人会佩戴你提供的听力保护用品 Effect of inconsistent use of hearing protection on the amount of effective noise reduction 不坚持使用听力防护用品对于降低噪声损害的效果不坚持使用听力防护用品对于降低噪声损害的效果 29 21 23 2626 22 17 13 7 2 5 1 8 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Decibels Plug APlug BPlug CPlug DPlug EPlug FPlug G Available protection vs. the amount of protection obtained by untrained workers. Likely protection as worn by untrained worker Amount of protection listed on the box Noise Reduction Rating NRR 噪声降低评分 OSHA dBA – NRR – 7 Effective dBA, only corrects for difference between dBA and dBC noise data. 只对dBA和dBC之间的差别进行校正 OSHA allows direct subtraction of NRR from dBC readings. OSHA允许直接从dBC读数中减NRR值 Does not account for “real world” perance of HPDs. 不能代表真实环境下HPDs的表现 HPD NIOSH De-rating Recommendations HPDNIOSH对于De-rating的建议 Muffs 耳罩 – Subtract 25 from NRR NRR减少25 Plugs 耳塞 – Foam and custom molded Subtract 50 from NRR 泡沫和定制 模型的降低NRR50 – All other including semi-inserts Subtract 70 NRR 其他的（包 括半插入式）降低70NRR Any Problem with this approach 这个方法有什么问题吗 Does not account for other safety equipment 不算上其他的安全装备的影响 HPD Estimating Actual Perance 实际性能的估计实际性能的估计 FIT-TEST 合适 性的检测方法 Fit-test system feasible for field use 合适性检测系统适用于现场 使用 Using fit-test enabled workers to learn to correctly fit a new plug 使用合适性检测可以让工 人学习如何正确合适的佩戴一个 新的耳塞 Knowledge gained and consciousness raised 增长知识 ，提高重视 HPD New Noise Reduction Rating NRSA HPD 新的噪声衰减值 NRSA Noise Reduction Statistic 噪声衰 减值统计 One number becomes two 一个 数字变成两个数字 80/20 rule 80/20法则 – 80 of trained users should achieve the lower value 80的 经过培训的使用者应该达到较 低的数值 – 20 of trained users could equal or exceed the higher value 20 的经过培训的使用者可能等于 或超过较高数值 HPD NRSA cont. Noise Reduction Statistic 噪声衰减值统计 –The smaller the difference in the two numbers the more consistent the HPD pers 两个数值之间的差越小， HPD的表现越稳定 –No correction for dBA 对 dBA没有校正 –“Real World” De-rating still necessary Maybe “真实情 况”。还需要修正吗可能 It’s Really Pretty Simple.. Wear this now... Or wear this later Hearing Conservation Program 听力保护程序 Required when exposure exceeds 8-hour TWA of 85 dBA action level 当8小时TWA超过85dBA行动水平），要求 – Monitoring 监测 – Medical Surveillance – Audiometry 医学监护听力测试 – Hearing Protectors 听力保护器 – Training Program 培训项目 – Access to ination and training materials 获取信息与培训资料 – Adequate record keeping 适当的记录 63 Audiometry 听力测试 By Licensed or certified audiologist, otolaryngologist, physician or certified technician 由有资质的听力测试专家、耳鼻喉专家、医生或注册技师进行。 Suitable test environment 适当的测试环境 Calibrated equipment 经过校对的仪器设备 daily function, annual calibration, exhaustive calibration every 2 years （日常功能测试、每年校验一次，每两年全面校验一次） Baseline Audiogram within first 6 months 基线听力图在第一个半年内做 Annual Audiogram 每年做听力图 64 Hearing Protectors Required When 以下情况要求采用听力防护器 1.Exposures above 90 dBA and administrative and engineering controls not feasible 接触90dBA以上的噪声，且管理或工程控制不可行。 2. Exposures above action limit and either a. Baseline audiogram no yet pered; or b. Employee has experienced STS Employer must provide a variety of protectors, training, and supervise correct use 噪声暴露超过行动水平或者有下列情况之一，雇主 必须提供各种防护器、进行培训并监督正确使用 a.基线听力图一直没有做，或者， b.雇员在经历标准阈移。 65 Training Program 培训项目 For all employees exposed above action limit 所有暴露水平超过行动限值的员工都要培训 Repeated annually 每年重复 Employee ined of the following 告知员工以下内容 – Effects of noise on hearing 噪声对听力的影响 – Audiometric testing and procedures 听力测试及其程序 – Hearing Protectors听力保护器 Purpose目的 Types, advantages, disadvantages and attenuation 类型、优点、缺点及噪声衰减量。 Instructions on care, fit and use 注意、安装及使用说明 66 Recordkeeping 记录保存 Exposure measurements for two years 暴露检测保存2年 Audiometric test records for duration of employment – carry over to new employers 听力测试记录在整个受雇期内都保存 转交给下新雇主。 67
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