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Ergonomics 人机工学 |第二季 5月4日第45期总48期 |安全无止境 EHS公益课堂 Daisy Wang Content 内容 What is Ergonomics 什么是人机工效 Ergonomic Injuries and Disorders 人机工效风险因素可能造成的伤害和失调 10 Principles of Ergonomics 人机工效设计的10个基本原则 Office Ergonomics 办公室人机工效 Ergonomic Tools Introduction 人机工效可能会使用到的工具 2 What is Ergonomics 什么是人机工效 3 来自于希腊语来自于希腊语 Ergo- human work and strength工作和力量工作和力量 nomics- law/rule 法则法则 Ergonomics 让工作适应工作人员和需求让工作适应工作人员和需求 最大程度提高效率与质量，将员工疲劳与不适降到最低限度最大程度提高效率与质量，将员工疲劳与不适降到最低限度 Persons Abilities Task Requirements Ergonomics 人类的能力人类的能力 人机功效学人机功效学 任务要求任务要求 4 Work Doesn’t Need to be a Pain 别让工作成为痛苦 Acute Ergonomics Injuries Sprain/strain 急性人机工效伤害扭伤/拉伤 Chronic Ergonomics Injuries Cumulative Trauma Disorders CTD 慢性人机工效伤害累积性创伤失调 Musculoskeletal Disorders MSDs 肌肉骨骼功能失调 Repetitive Strain Injury RSI 重复性紧张伤害 5 Ergonomic Injuries and Disorders 人机工效人机工效风险因素可能造成风险因素可能造成的伤害和失调的伤害和失调 腕管综合症 渗漏的腰椎间盘内胶状物质压迫神经 What cause WMSDs 肌肉骨骼功能失调是怎么形成的 6 Pain is an early warning sign that something is potentially wrong with the job or the way we are pering it. “Trauma Bucket” 创伤水桶 过度的用力 （压力，重力 或者握力） 极端的运 动频率 别扭的工作姿势 The Ergonomics Fire Triangle Three basic types of WMSDs 三种常见的WMSDs疾病 7 Tendon Disorder 肌腱疾病肌腱疾病 肌腱疾病发生在肌 腱和骨骼附近发生 摩擦的关节或靠近 关节的区域。 常见的症状肌腱酸 痛、特定运动不适 或者触痛 8 Three basic types of WMSDs 三种常见的三种常见的WMSDs疾病疾病 Nerve Disorders 神经疾病神经疾病 神经疾病通常是神经 卡压或者压迫导致 1）肌肉长期遭受重复 累积性创伤，导致肿 胀进而压迫神经 2）周围肌腱或者肌肉 对神经的机械性刺激 症状是失去知觉和运 动功能 9 Three basic types of WMSDs 三种常见的三种常见的WMSDs疾病疾病 Neurovascular Disorders 神经血管疾病神经血管疾病 神经血管疾病通常会影 响神经和附近的血管， 神经血管组织受压或者 受振动产生，身体受影 响区域的循环减弱，使 得进入肌肉的氧气和营 养物的减少。 典型症状为疼痛、麻木 、刺痛、寒冷敏感、针 刺感及皮肤颜色改变 10 Principles of Ergonomics 人机工效学的10个基本原则 10 1.Work in neutral postures 以适当的姿势工作 2.Reduce excessive force 减少过度用力 3.Keep things in easy reach 让一切伸手可及 4.Work at proper heights 在适当的高度工作 5.Reduce Repetitive motions 减少重复性的动作 6.Minimize fatigue many parts of body like, Nerves, blood vessels 可能对身体多个部位造成长期损伤 血管和神经） 28 Cases 案例案例 – Best Practice The hard edge will bring the pressure point, rounded corner mat will ease the pressure. 操作台的坚硬角状边缘会形成压力点，将边缘换成圆角 及加上衬垫会有所帮助 29 Anti-fatigue mat can alleviate heel pain and leg fatigue for long time standing on hard ground 防疲劳垫能够缓解长时间站立在坚硬地板上带来的脚跟疼痛 和腿部疲劳 Cases 案例案例 – Best Practice 8. Provide clearance 留出空隙 30 9. Move, rcise, stretch 舒展和锻炼 31 10. Maintain a comfortable environment 保持一个舒适的环境 32 Lighting 照明 Temperature 温度 Vibration Shock 振动和冲击 Noise 噪声 Office Ergonomics 办公室人机工效 33 34 Office Ergonomic Injuries 办公室人机工效伤害 Symptoms caused by sedentary 久坐造成的症状 -- One-time rtion injure, Humpback, Arthritis, Spine disease, Sagging muscles, Varicose veins, Cardiovascular 闪腰 驼背 关节炎和脊椎病 肌肉下垂 静脉曲张 心血管疾病 Cause原因 Poor sitting posture不正确的坐姿 Prolonged use of computers cause the following symptoms 长时间使用电脑造成以下症状 -- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 腕管综合症 -- Neck Pain颈部酸疼 -- Decreased vision视力下降 Cause原因 （1）Repetitive motion of wrist手腕的重复运动 （2）Poor sitting posture不正确的坐姿 （3）Glare/ Reflection眩光/反光 35 36 Ergonomic Tools Introduction 人机功效学工具介绍人机功效学工具介绍 （一）（一） BRIEF Survey BRIEF 调查Baseline Risk Identification of Ergonomic Factors 人机功效因素基线风险识别） 37 Ergonomic Tools Introduction 人机功效学工具介绍人机功效学工具介绍 （二）（二） BEST Assessment BEST 评估BRIEF Exposure Scoring Technique （BRIEF暴露评估法）基于BRIEF调查结果，确定工作/任务的人机功 效学优先等级的排名工具。根据暴露时间对伤害进行评分，并考虑 物理压力源 38 Ergonomic Tools Introduction 人机功效学工具介绍人机功效学工具介绍 NIOSH Lifting EquationNIOSH抬升方程 推荐搬 运重量 建议优先矩阵 39 能在相对较短的时间内消除 或显著减少主要人机功效危 险的暴露，且实施成本较低， 通常立即实施 能在相对较短的时间内消除 或显著减少次要人机功效危 险的暴露，且实施成本较低， 通常作为持续改进项目 在相对较长的时间内消除或 显著减少中等及次要人机功 效危险的暴露，或实施成本 高。应用于新设计阶段 在相对较长的时间内消除或 显著减少主要人机功效危险 的暴露，或实施成本高。 实施应基于工厂资本改进计 划进行 40 Big Cooler Assembly Hydraulics Shanghai Agenda 议程 Job Description 工作概述 Operator Interview 操作人员面谈 Preliminary Analysis Summary 初步分析汇总 Manual Material Handling 手工物料搬运 Prioritizing Improvements 改进优先矩阵 Improvement Opportunities 改进机会 Top 3 Improvement Ideas 首选三项改进计划 ●Job Name Big Cooler assembly Cooler area, small batch assembly line ●Task Analysis Big Cooler 2 operators Job Task VA or NVA Retrieving 3 matrixes, bracket, sealing strip NVA Sub assy 1 assembly all matrixes VA Retrieving components Fan house Tank NVA Sub assy2 Fan house SubAssy1 VA Sub assy 3 Preparing tank VA Sub assy4 SubAssy2 3 hose plug VA Manually lifting returning by 90’ Sub assy 4 NVA Sub assy5 adjusting sub assy4 VA Final assy SubAssy5 label VA Move finish good to pallet with crane NVA 2 different uation were needed in this production area, As staff have various kind of product to assembly in This production line. Job Ination Task Analysis 工作描述工作描述 Operator Interview 操作人员面谈 What is the biggest challenge on this job 你认为这项工作最大的挑战是什么 Small cooler Adjusting fan Big cooler Finish good too heavy long hours working on floor Do you routinely experience discomfort as a result of doing this job Where 根据你的经验完成这项工作最不舒适的地方在哪里 Lifting part and working on the floor Do you have any suggestions on how to improve this job 是否有一些建议来改进这项工作 Lifting table Preliminary Analysis Summary – Big Cooler BRIEF Survey – Baseline Risk Identification of Ergonomic Factors BEST BRIEF Exposure Scoring Technique Job Hazard Score Main Root Causes of Ergonomic Risk Example Product located on the ground Hand/Wrist Elbow Shoulder Left Right Left Right Left Right Neck Back Legs 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 29.6 1.Assembly on floor lead to excessive squat and kneel position 在地面装配有过多的蹲下或者跪姿势 2.Material is on the floor, and some parts can be really heavy 物料在地面上，有些部件很重 3.Changing product orientation by 90’ 需要将产品进行90度旋转 Time exposure multiplier is 0,8 as staff Will spend alternative time between Small and Big cooler assembly. If we consider, operators is full time Doing big cooler, Job Hazard Score Is 37 high risk 37.0 Manual Material Handling NIOSH Assessment Small Cooler Task Lifting Index 0.20 RWL 15.7 kg NIOSH Assessment Big Cooler Task Lifting Index 0.83 RWL 18.0 kg Normal risk. All tasks can be assisted by a crane. However, some operator prefer to lift parts manually. Prioritizing Improvements ● Priority Matrix ● Improvements are classified in 1 of 4 categories Improvement Opportunities ● Improvement Priority ●Improvement are combined as small and big cooler are assemble in the same area Improvement Short Term/ Long Term Priority Lifting table to adapt high and reduce back, leg impact. No more assembly on pallet or on table. ST 1 Change pneumatics tool, from gun shape to straight shape to allow for better hand/wrist posture. ST 2 Small cooler only in case of big batch, changing to one piece flow line. LT 4 Display components according to working sequence to reduce carrying LT 2 Top 3 Improvement Details 1.Improvement Lifting table for small and big cooler assembly Vendor s Grainger Cost 1520.000 RMB Small cooler Big cooler Top 3 Improvement Details 2.Improvement Pneumatics tools Vendor s Ingersoll Rand Atlas Copco Cost Follow-up Analysis Summary ● BRIEF Survey – Baseline Risk Identification of Ergonomic Factors ● BEST BRIEF Exposure Scoring Technique Job Hazard Score Hand/Wrist Elbow Shoulder Left Right Left Right Left Right Neck Back Legs 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 18.40 23.00 Time exposure 1 Time exposure 0.8 52 Q A
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